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You probably have a good idea of who the so-called alt-right are: a group of white supremacists and nationalists, bound up by a fiery loathing of political correctness, cultural Marxism, and those pesky social-justice warriors. You might have also seen the articles that tell us to stop using that term and call them out for the fascist, neo-Nazis they are. In the wake of the Unite the Right protests in Charlottesville last weekend, these calls have only become more urgent. The phrase has become a catch-all for people like Richard Spencer, the head of the white supremacist National Policy Institute, and Milo Yiannopoulos, the online troll and provocateur who recently fell from mainstream conservative grace. But theres a lot more people it catches in its (inter)net.

The alt-right isnt one group. They dont have one coherent identity. Rather, theyre a loose collection of people from disparate backgrounds who would never normally interact: bored teenagers, gamers, mens rights activists, conspiracy theorists and, yes, white nationalists and neo-Nazis. But thanks to the internet, theyre beginning to form a cohesive group identity. And I have the data to prove it.

The_Donald is a Reddit community with over 450,000 subscribers. Its the breeding ground for the alt-right, and the fermenting vat in which this identity is being formed. According to data analysis by FiveThirtyEight, its US president Donald Trumps most rabid online following, and Reddit itself now claims it is the fourth most visited site in the US, behind only Facebook, Google, and YouTube.

As part of the Alt-Right Open Intelligence Initiative at the University of Amsterdam, Ive been working to understand the language of the alt-right and what it can tell us about its members. Working with the UK Home Offices Extremism Analysis Unit, I used Googles BigQuery tool, which lets you trawl through massive datasets in seconds, to interrogate a collection of every Reddit comment ever madeall 3 billion of them.

Focusing on The_Donald, I used a script that lets you see which words are most likely to occur in the same comment. Combining this with a tool that allows you to look at the overlap in commenters between different parts of Reddit, I found that the alt-right isnt just one voice: Its made up by distinct constituencies that share different opinions and ways to express them, identifiable by the language they use and the other communities they post in.

In other words, theres a taxonomy of trolls. So who are they, and what language do they use?

The 4chan shitposters. These men and boys (and they are almost exclusively male) come from 4chan, an image board in the deepest bowels of the internet. Youre most likely to see them deliberately provoking offense and outrage, often using the most extreme racist, sexist, and anti-Semitic slurs, but without necessarily fully buying into racist ideology. Theyre the people you cant argue with, because any attempt to engage them in a serious conversation will provoke an only joking! plea. Other users of The_Donald affectionately refer to them as weaponized autists, named for the orchestration of numerous hacks and leaks through the hacker collective Anonymous. Youll see them talking about memes such as Pepe the Frog, Kekistan, and the normies they despise. Elsewhere on Reddit, youre most likely to find them on /r/ImGoingToHellForThis, /r/CringeAnarchy, or any other deliberately offensive subreddit.

Anti-progressive gamers. Closely related to the above, these trolls were radicalized over the course of the #GamerGate hate movement. They really like video games, and they really hate social-justice warriors, gay people, and feminists, all of whom theyre pretty sure major movie and game studios are pandering to with things like all-female screenings of Wonder Woman. Youre likely to see them talking about the trans community a lot (and repeating the words there are only two genders constantly). Elsewhere on Reddit, youll find them in gaming subreddits, or /r/KotakuinAction, which was the home of GamerGate.

Mens rights activists. This group consists of those who explicitly campaign for mens rights (custody battles and workplace deaths are their favorite talking points) and also includes anti-feminists and misogynists of all stripes. Youll find them at /r/Incels (short for involuntary celibates, who want to have sex or find a partner but cantand blame women for this), /r/MGTOW (Men Going Their Own Way, who believe that they can only find true liberation in a female-dominated world by refusing to interact with women completely), the infamous /r/TheRedPill, and a few less popular Manosphere subreddits as well as misogynistic sites like Return of Kings. Youll find them referring to women as females, and men they perceive as weak as cucks (more on that later).

Anti-globalists. These people like Alex Jones, Steve Bannon, Sean Hannity, and conspiracy theoriesand they talk about them an awful lot. They are far less enamored (yet still mildly obsessed) with George Soros, who funds everyone they hate, as well as Emmanuel Macron, John McCain, and Paul Ryan. Elsewhere, they can be seen on /r/uncensorednews (primarily news about bad things perpetrated by members of minority groups and left-wing people), and /r/conspiracy. Their hyperbolic conspiratorial language might sound absurd, but its become an increasingly coherent and important part of The_Donald since the subreddit began.

White supremacists. It might seem surprising, but the language of white supremacy is actually quite uncommon in The_Donald. Thats because explicit racism is banned. Implicit or coded racism is very common, for example displaying Islamophobic sentiment and passing it off as criticizing Islamism, or claiming Islam is not compatible with Western culture. They also populate other subreddits like the now-banned /r/CoonTown and /r/GreatApes, as well as sites like Stormfront and the now defunct The Daily Stormer.

For a long time, these people would have very limited reason to interact with one another. There wasnt much in common between meme aficionados, gamers, sexists, conspiracy theorists, and racists. Because the very nature of Reddit is to subdivide and find your own specific corner of the internet, these communities didnt tend to run into each other all that much. But thats now changed.

Over the last year and a half, these types of trolls have formed a central identity around Trumpism and have started to coalesce. Bored teenagers and gamers are becoming indoctrinated into hard-line anti-globalism, conspiracy theories, and Islamophobia, and its happening right before our eyes, on a publicly accessible forum.

The_Donald contains all of these different groups, marked out by their overlapping community memberships and the words that they (and only they) use. Theyve created an in-group language consisting of words like MAGA (Make America Great Again) and based, a word appropriated from rap culture. The latter is taken to mean being yourself and originated in the crack era. Then there is centipede (usually shortened to pede), a self-referential term originating from the viral video series Cant Stump the Trump, which was popularized when the linked video was tweeted by Trump himself.

But the keystone of this vernacular is cuck. A shortening of cuckold, an old word used to refer to men who allow their partners to sleep with other men (and often find sexual gratification in the humiliation of it), its use has become the sine qua non of alt-right group membership.

The word cuck is everywhere, and its story can tell us a lot about the different groups described above.Youll find cuck used in multiple senses. First, theres cuckservative, used against conservatives who are seen as being too soft and allowing their countries (primarily European) to be invaded by Islam and Muslims. The racial connotations of the word were attached during a period when the word was incredibly popular in the now-banned /r/CoonTown, an explicitly racist subreddit.

Then, theres the use of cuck in a more patriarchal sense. The GamerGate movement popularized the word on Reddit when they were banned from 4chan and migrated over to /r/KotakuInAction. They used it first to describe the jilted ex-boyfriend of Zoe Quinn, a games developer they ran a hate campaign against, before turning it against Christopher moot Poole, the administrator of 4chan, when he kicked them off his site.

Thirdly, you have what might now be the most standard usage of the word, which is to refer to those seen as liberal. You can see this in the popularization of words like libcuck, cuckbook, starcucks, and cuck Schumer in The_Donald. In the wider digital world, you might see it in below-the-line comments of articles on Facebook.

This leads us to the final type of usage, which is when anyone who isnt the alt-right uses it to mock those who do use it, flipping its meaning entirely. As a result, its everywhere, and its story can tell us a lot about the different groups described above.

The_Donald and other alt-right spaces are acting as meeting places for disaffected white men from all walks of life to share a communal hatred. They start out in different corners of the internet with different interests and different lexicons. They remain separate when theyre outside of The_Donald, but the more time they spend in there, the more pernicious views of the world they are likely to pick up by osmosis. They are forming a coherent group identity, represented in the language they have begun to speak, which coalesces around their common hatred of liberalism and their love of Donald Trump.

Were witnessing the radicalization of young white men through the medium of frog memes. In order to see it, all you need to do is look at the words coming out of their mouths. The alt-right isnt yet united, but it soon will be.

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Linguistic data analysis of 3 billion Reddit comments shows the alt-right is getting stronger - Quartz