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In 1984, the Museum of Modern Art in New York dedicated a set of galleries to Philip Johnson, who had served asthe institutions founding architecture department head during the 30s. He staged some of the museums most memorable architecture shows, among them 1932s influential International Style show, which helped pinpoint a mode of modernist design that was cropping up around Europe. He also transformed the institution that housed such pioneering exhibitions, designing its famed sculpture garden in 1953. He even gifted MoMA several masterpieces, including Jasper Johnss Flag (195455). His genius helped define the Museum in its formative years, William S. Paley, chair of MoMAs board, said upon the gallerys dedication.

For more than 30 years, a sign bearing Johnsons name has been visible on a wall on the museums second floor. All that changed, however, earlier this month, when the Black Reconstruction Collective, a group of 10 architects, temporarily covered it. They were participating in the museums current Reconstructions: Architecture and Blackness in America exhibition, and they were responding to recent protests over Johnsons name at the museum. For the run of Reconstructions, the Philip Johnson Galleriess sign will be hidden beneath a denim textile bearing out the groups manifesto, which reads, in part, We take up the question of what architecture can benot a tool for imperialism and subjugation, not a means for aggrandizing the self, but a vehicle for liberation and joy.

Protests over Johnsons name have been brewing since November, when a group of Black architects and artists signed a letter demanding that MoMA remove it from its walls. The letter, circulated by the Johnson Study Group, claimed that Johnson relied on his MoMA connections as a pretense to collaborate with the German Nazi party and that he effectively segregated the architectural collection at MoMA by not hiring Black curators and by not acquiring work by Black architects. While it is unclear when MoMA acquired its first work by a Black architect, scholar and Reconstructions curator Mabel O. Wilson has argued that the museum was maintaining the logics of racism during its early decades by focusing on white European and American designers, even when their work related to affordable housing for Black communities.

For some, Johnson can be can be considered an architect whose output, while variable in quality, helped define a sensibility, with his Glass House ranking as one of the most celebrated modernist structures in the U.S. For others, his legacy cant be separated from his explicitly fascist and anti-Semitic views. Protests over Johnsons politics are not newhis fascist leanings are well-documented, most recently in a 2018 biography by Mark Lamster, and even during his lifetime, various individuals, both within MoMA and outside it, attempted to bring attention to them.

But with the Johnson Study Group letter, new questions are arising: How can MoMA effectively right Johnsons wrongs? What would a MoMA without recognition of Johnson look like? Those who oppose the removal of Johnsons name counter with another question: Should MoMA have to contend with the political views of a figure who has been dead for almost two decades?

V. Mitch McEwen, an architect included in Reconstructions, said that she signed the Johnson Study Groups letter partly in an effort to address concerns that the architecture department at MoMA was vested in fascism and white supremacy, she told ARTnews. As far as we could tell, no one had investigated that beside concerns about anti-Semitism. To be exhibiting work in a gallery with the name of a white supremacist doesnt sit well with me.

According to McEwen, she and others met with MoMA director Glenn Lowry in January to discuss how the museum could begin to reconcile with Johnsons history. His response, McEwen told Hyperallergic, was that MoMA didnt create the problem.

Lamster, the Johnson biographer, said that, because of Johnsons outsized influence at the museum, it would be nearly impossible for MoMA to scrub him from its history. To cancel Philip Johnson is to cancel MoMA, Lamster said. That does not mean that the moment isnt ripe for reflection, Lamster continued. There is no canceling Philip Johnson. Hes already deadthats as canceled as you can get. The question is how you understand his legacy. If canceling means we dont grapple with that history, thats a big mistake. If canceling means removing his name, thats a different story.

A MoMA spokesperson did not respond to a list of fact-checking queries about Johnsons time at the museum and the institutions response to the signatories of the Johnson Study Group letter. In a prior statement made when the Black Reconstruction Collective covered Johnsons name, a spokesperson said that the Museum currently has underway a rigorous research initiative to explore in full the allegations against Johnson and gather all available information. This work is ongoing.

Johnson began working in MoMAs architecture department in 1930, when the museum, founded a year earlier, was still in its infancy. His first stint at the museum ended in 1934, and there were extended periods where he was not formally employed by the museum. During the late 1930s, in a period while he was disconnected from the department, Johnson began to push anti-Semitic and fascist political views in a series of essays. In one written for the fascist journal the Examiner, he claimed that the U.S. was committing race suicide and advocated for a restoration of national values. In another, written for Social Practice, for which he served as a European correspondent, he addressed the Jewish question in France, writing, Lack of leadership and direction in the State has let the one group get control who always gain power in a nations time of weaknessthe Jews.

During the late 30s, Johnson spent extended periods in Germany, where he found himself carried away by Adolf Hitlers politics, as he once wrote, and he started consorting with Nazi leaders. Prior to this, Johnson had briefly been involved with the U.S.s Young Nationalist movement, which Lamster characterized in his 2018 Johnson biography as an alt-right avant la lettre, with pro-Nazi German-American Bundists, Klansmen, and members of the Black Legion, an Ohio-based secret society that took the Klan as its model, among its supporters. As the Young Nationalist campaign began to fizzle out, and as the spotlight turned to his collaborator, Alan Blackburn, Johnson departed the movement. Meanwhile, the Nazi party continued to rise in Europe.

As the war raged abroad the FBI investigated Johnsons activities in 1940 on the suspicion that he was acting as a Nazi spy. The architect admitted to the Bureau that he attended Nazi party rallies in New York, including the most infamous one in 1939 at Madison Square Garden. (He later denied this.) Although it found evidence that Johnson could be linked to members of the Nazi party, the FBI never charged him with espionage. After the war, in 1947, Johnson rejoined the architecture department at MoMA. For the rest of his career, he was still intimately connected to the museum, even when he was not formally on staff.

Johnsons activities during the 1930s would continue to haunt him throughout his career, and he was later forced to address them during the 90s, after the BBC produced a documentary that focused largely on his foregone fascist politics. Johnson, who at one point called himself a philo-Semite, defended himself, citing his friendships with Jewish architects like Louis Kahn and Frank Gehry, as well as with Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres, as proof that he had changed. He told the TV host Charlie Rose, If youd indulged every one of your whims that you had when you were a kid, you wouldnt be here with a job either. It was the stupidest thing I ever did, and I can never forgive myself and I never can atone for it. Theres nothing I can do.

Johnson died in 2003, but for some, institutions with connections to him should redress his legacy. Two have already responded to Johnsons unsavory history. In 2020, amid Black Lives Matter protests in the wake of the police killing of George Floyd, the Glass Housea boxy glassed-in structure in Connecticut that ranks as one of Johnsons most famous buildingsupdated its website with a statement referencing Johnsons own history and a need to confront the difficult histories of places where art, architecture, and racial justice intersectas part of our dedicated effort to tell the full American story. And in November, after the Johnson Study Groups letter, the Harvard Graduate School of Design renamed a structure Johnson designed while he was a graduate student there in recognition of the entrenched, paradigmatic racism and white supremacy of architecture, its dean, Sarah M. Whiting, wrote. (That structure was informally called the Philip Johnson Thesis House, and will now be referred to as 9 Ash Street.)

Over the past several months, multiple essays have taken Johnsons legacy to taskwith people on both sides. In an essay called Why We Should Cancel Philip Johnson, Aaron Betsky, director of Virginia Techs architecture school, wrote, Philip Johnson wasnt just a racist and fascist: He was a cultured, rich cad who made us forget our own failings as a country and as a profession. Others have pushed back against that logic. In a Guardian op-ed, Michael Henry Adams, an architecture historian with connections to Johnsons family, wrote, None of us only amounts to our worst mistake. Today, we all need what Philip Johnson died imagining hed found: the opportunity to evolvea chance to become better people.

Xaviera Simmons, an artist who signed the Johnson Study Group letter, said her intention was not to cancel Johnson, but rather to force MoMA to contend with its history. While some may consider removing Johnsons name a symbolic gesture, its resonance could be far-reaching. You can be subtractive in some ways and additive in others, Simmons said in an interview.

MoMA has to absorb the knowledge that has already been provided and work in concert with the Johnson letter signatories, she continued. Theyve already done the labor. The museum doesnt have to do the labor, actually, and the museum should step back. Youve got to make way for the new, and you have to make way for Black thinkers, Jewish thinkers, queer thinkers, and all the other thinkers.

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MoMAs Philip Johnson Problem: How to Address the Architects Legacy? - ARTnews