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The World Health Organization (WHO) is releasing new guidance on the ethics and governance of large multi-modal models (LMMs) a type of fast growing generative artificial intelligence (AI) technology with applications across health care.

The guidance outlines over 40 recommendations for consideration by governments, technology companies, and health care providers to ensure the appropriate use of LMMs to promote and protect the health of populations.

LMMs can accept one or more type of data inputs, such as text, videos, and images, and generate diverse outputs not limited to the type of data inputted. LMMs are unique in their mimicry of human communication and ability to carry out tasks they were not explicitly programmed to perform. LMMs have been adopted faster than any consumer application in history, with several platforms such as ChatGPT, Bard and Bert entering the public consciousness in 2023.

Generative AI technologies have the potential to improve health care but only if those who develop, regulate, and use these technologies identify and fully account for the associated risks, said Dr Jeremy Farrar, WHO Chief Scientist. We need transparent information and policies to manage the design, development, and use of LMMs to achieve better health outcomes and overcome persisting health inequities.

The new WHO guidance outlines five broad applications of LMMs for health:

While LMMs are starting to be used for specific health-related purposes, there are also documented risks of producing false, inaccurate, biased, or incomplete statements, which could harm people using such information in making health decisions. Furthermore, LMMs may be trained on data that are of poor quality or biased, whether by race, ethnicity, ancestry, sex, gender identity, or age.

The guidance also details broader risks to health systems, such as accessibility and affordability of the best-performing LMMs. LMMS can also encourage automation bias by health care professionals and patients, whereby errors are overlooked that would otherwise have been identified or difficult choices are improperly delegated to a LMM. LMMs, like other forms of AI, are also vulnerable to cybersecurity risks that could endanger patient information or the trustworthiness of these algorithms and the provision of health care more broadly.

To create safe and effective LMMs, WHO underlines the need for engagement of various stakeholders: governments, technology companies, healthcare providers, patients, and civil society, in all stages of development and deployment of such technologies, including their oversight and regulation.

Governments from all countries must cooperatively lead efforts to effectively regulate the development and use of AI technologies, such as LMMs, said Dr Alain Labrique, WHO Director for Digital Health and Innovation in the Science Division.

The new WHO guidance includes recommendations for governments, who have the primary responsibility to set standards for the development and deployment of LMMs, and their integration and use for public health and medical purposes. For example, governments should:

The guidance also includes the following key recommendations for developers of LMMs, who should ensure that:

The new document on Ethics and governance of AI for health Guidance on large multi-modal models is based on WHOs guidance published in June 2021. Access the publication here

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WHO releases AI ethics and governance guidance for large multi-modal models - World Health Organization