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By Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the UniverseMarch 24, 2023

Figure 1. A schematic illustration of the first stars supernovae and observed spectra of extremely metal-poor stars. Ejecta from the supernovae enrich pristine hydrogen and helium gas with heavy elements in the universe (cyan, green, and purple objects surrounded by clouds of ejected material). If the first stars are born as a multiple stellar system rather than as an isolated single star, elements ejected by the supernovae are mixed together and incorporated into the next generation of stars. The characteristic chemical abundances in such a mechanism are preserved in the atmosphere of the long-lived low-mass stars observed in our Milky Way Galaxy. The team invented the machine learning algorithm to distinguish whether the observed stars were formed out of ejecta of a single (small red stars) or multiple (small blue stars) previous supernovae, based on measured elemental abundances from the spectra of the stars. Credit: Kavli IPMU

By using machine learning and state-of-the-art supernova nucleosynthesis, a team of researchers has found the majority of observed second-generation stars in the universe were enriched by multiple supernovae, reports a new study in The Astrophysical Journal.

Nuclear astrophysics research has shown elements including and heavier than carbon in the Universe are produced in stars. But the first stars, stars born soon after the Big Bang, did not contain such heavy elements, which astronomers call metals. The next generation of stars contained only a small amount of heavy elements produced by the first stars. To understand the universe in its infancy, it requires researchers to study these metal-poor stars.

Luckily, these second-generation metal-poor stars are observed in our Milky Way Galaxy, and have been studied by a team of Affiliate Members of the Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU) to close in on the physical properties of the first stars in the universe.

Figure 2. Carbon vs. iron abundance of extremely metal-poor (EMP) stars. The color bar shows the probability for mono-enrichment from our machine learning algorithm. Stars above the dashed lines (at [C/Fe] = 0.7) are called carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars and most of them are mono-enriched. Credit: Hartwig et al.

The teams results give the first quantitative constraint based on observations on the multiplicity of the first stars.

Figure 3. (from left) Visiting Senior Scientist Kenichi Nomoto, Visiting Associate Scientist Miho Ishigaki, Kavli IPMU Visiting Associate Scientist Tilman Hartwig, Visiting Senior Scientist Chiaki Kobayashi, and Visiting Senior Scientist Nozomu Tominaga. Credit: Kavli IPMU, Nozomu Tominaga

Multiplicity of the first stars were only predicted from numerical simulations so far, and there was no way to observationally examine the theoretical prediction until now, said lead author Hartwig. Our result suggests that most first stars formed in small clusters so that multiple of their supernovae can contribute to the metal enrichment of the early interstellar medium, he said.

Our new algorithm provides an excellent tool to interpret the big data we will have in the next decade from ongoing and future astronomical surveys across the world, said Kobayashi, also a Leverhulme Research Fellow.

At the moment, the available data of old stars are the tip of the iceberg within the solar neighborhood. The Prime Focus Spectrograph, a cutting-edge multi-object spectrograph on the Subaru Telescope developed by the international collaboration led by Kavli IPMU, is the best instrument to discover ancient stars in the outer regions of the Milky Way far beyond the solar neighborhood, said Ishigaki.

The new algorithm invented in this study opens the door to making the most of diverse chemical fingerprints in metal-poor stars discovered by the Prime Focus Spectrograph.

The theory of the first stars tells us that the first stars should be more massive than the Sun. The natural expectation was that the first star was born in a gas cloud containing a mass a million times more than the Sun. However, our new finding strongly suggests that the first stars were not born alone, but instead formed as a part of a star cluster or a binary or multiple star system. This also means that we can expect gravitational waves from the first binary stars soon after the Big Bang, which could be detected in future missions in space or on the Moon, said Kobayashi.

Hartwig has made the code developed in this study publicly available at https://gitlab.com/thartwig/emu-c.

Reference: Machine Learning Detects Multiplicity of the First Stars in Stellar Archaeology Data by Tilman Hartwig, Miho N. Ishigaki, Chiaki Kobayashi, Nozomu Tominaga and Kenichi Nomoto, 22 March 2023, The Astrophysical Journal.DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/acbcc6

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Other members of the task force include Gabrielle Bray, a fourth-year student who chairs the Honor Committee; T. Kenny Fountain, an associate professor of English and director of Writing Across the Curriculum in the College and Graduate School of Arts & Sciences; Briana Morrison, an associate professor of computer science in the School of Engineering and Applied Science; Reza Mousavi, an assistant professor of commerce in the McIntire School of Commerce; and Michael Palmer, director of the Center for Teaching Excellence.

The task force will hold a series of virtual town hall meetings, organized by school. Faculty and students may attend any session. Participants may register for each session on the task force website. Each session is limited to 300 participants. If there is enough demand, more sessions may be added.

The scheduled sessions are: Arts & Sciences (natural sciences), March 27, 3 to 4:30 p.m.; Architecture, Batten, Education and Human Development, and Nursing, March 29, noon to 1:30 p.m.; Engineering and Applied Sciences and Data Science, April 10, 3 to 4:30 p.m.; Arts & Sciences (social sciences), April 11, 12:30 to 2 p.m.; Arts & Sciences (arts and humanities) and Professional and Continuing Education, April 12, noon to 1:30 p.m.; and Darden, Law and McIntire, April 14, 2 to 3:30 p.m.

The link to its questionnaire is available on the task force website.

Both faculty and students are invited to these online town halls, Heny said. We will provide some information and then ask them critical questions that get them to engage, and they will record their responses in a form we will use as a source of data.

We want to learn how students and faculty are actually using this technology in courses, Pennock said. We hear anecdotal evidence from the faculty members who are closest to us, but we really want to understand how our students using it to study as well as to complete assignments. Theres a real opportunity for faculty to make their classes better, to be able to get more work done in the same amount of time.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been in the news in recent months with many questioning whether it will replace humans in the workforce in the future. Many people globally have started using AI for tasks such as writing emails, article summaries, cover letters, etc. AI is also being used in the field of medicine to search medical data and uncover insights to help improve health outcomes and patient experiences.

Cancer- a disease in which some of the bodys cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body- continues to plague countries. And among all types of cancer, breast cancer is the most common type of canceroccurring in women globally. Several factors including genetics, lifestyle, and the environment have contributed to the rise in the prevalence of breast cancer among women.

Proper screening for early diagnosis and treatment is an essential factor when combating the disease.

According to a report published in the PubMed Central (PMC) journal in October last year, faster and more accurate results are some of the benefits of AI methods in breast cancer screening.

Breast cancer is more effective to treat if diagnosed early and the effectiveness of treatment in the later stages is poor. The report in the PMC titled- "Artificial Intelligence in Breast Cancer Screening and Diagnosis" says that the incorporation of AI into screening methods is a relatively new and emerging field thatshows a lot of promise in the early detection of breast cancer, thus resulting in a better prognosis of the condition.

"Human intelligence has always triumphed over every other form of intelligence on this planet. The defining feature of human intelligence is the ability to use previous knowledge, adapt to new conditions, and identify meaning in patterns. The success of AI lies in the capacity to reproduce the same abilities," it adds.

Incorporating AI into the screening methods such as the examination of biopsy slides enhances the treatment success rate. Machine learning and deep learning are some of the important aspects of AI which are required in breast cancer imaging.

Machine learning is used to store a large dataset, which is later used to train prediction models and interpret generalisations. On the other hand, deep learning- the newest branch of machine learning- works by establishing a system of artificial neural networks that can classify and recognise images, as per the report.

Regarding breast cancer treatment, the use of AI for early detection by making use of data obtained by radiomics and biopsy slides is done. This is backed by a global effort to manufacture learning algorithms for understanding mammograms by reducing the number of false positives as an outcome.

"AI has increased the odds of identifying metastatic breast cancer in whole slide images of lymph node biopsy. Because people's risk factors and predispositions differ, AI algorithms operate differently in different populations," the report further says.

AI seems a very helpful tool when it comes to treating cancer. It has shown impressive outcomes and there is a possibility that it can change every method of treatment which is used presently. However, there are some challenges.

The report, published in the PMC journal in October last year, says that a concerning question is where can one draw the line between AI and human intelligence. "AI is based on data collected from populations. Therefore, a disparity is sure to rise when it comes to the development of data from people belonging to different socio-economic conditions," it adds and points out that cancer is one particular disease that has indices that vary across different races.

Studies relating to the efficiency of AI have certain set outcomes that can be used to assess their standards and credibility. And for AI machines to be accepted, people must be able to independently replicate and produce the machine like any other scientific finding. This implies a common code must be available to all, and it is only possible if data is shared with everyone equally.

AI models used for managing cancer are centred on image data, and the report says the problem with this aspect is the underutilisation of patient histories saved as electronic health records in hospitals.

"Easy-to-access databases and user-friendly software must be incorporated into the software systems of hospitals worldwide, which is a difficult task at the moment."

One of the biggest challenges is building trust among doctors to make their decisions with the help of AI, and adequate training must be provided to doctors on how to use this technology.

Another challenge is that there are a lot of ethical risks to consider while using AI methods which include data confidentiality, privacy violation, the autonomy of patients, and consent. But the report said that many measures are taken to prevent any violation of confidentiality and legislation to keep a check on malpractices.

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Are you ready to see AI doing work in Hollywood?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is changing the world as we know it, and the film industry is no exception. Hollywood, as a major player in the industry, is increasingly using AI as a tool to enhance the creative process, streamline production, and improve decision-making.

From writing and directing to producing and marketing, AI is being used in various ways to make Hollywood more efficient and effective. However, with these advancements come potential risks and challenges, such as the loss of creative control and the homogenization of output. It's kind of scary to think your job may not be safe because they're going to bring in a computer to do it.

In this article, we will explore how AI is affecting Hollywood and what the future may hold for this evolving relationship between technology and creativity.

Let's take a look at how artificial intelligence can affect Hollywood as a whole.

Let's take a gander at the general way artificial intelligence will change things. Some of this stuff is already happening.

Personalized Content: AI algorithms can analyze data about viewer preferences and make recommendations based on those preferences. This could lead to more personalized content being produced, as studios can use AI to tailor their movies to specific audiences.

Improved Special Effects: AI can be used to create more realistic and impressive special effects. For example, AI can be used to create more realistic facial expressions and movements in computer-generated characters.

Cost Reduction: AI can be used to automate certain aspects of the filmmaking process, such as editing or sound design, which could reduce costs and increase efficiency.

Storytelling: AI could be used to generate storylines and plot points, which could help filmmakers develop new ideas and create more compelling narratives.

Data Analysis: AI can be used to analyze data from box office sales and viewer feedback to help studios make more informed decisions about what types of movies to produce and how to market them.

AI is already having an impact on the film industry and is likely to continue to do so in the future. In terms of writers in Hollywood, AI could potentially have both positive and negative effects.

On the positive side, AI could be used as a tool to help writers with tasks such as generating ideas, developing characters, and even writing dialogue. For example, some companies are already using AI algorithms to analyze audience data and make recommendations about what kind of movies or TV shows are likely to be successful. AI could also be used to create more efficient and effective writing processes, allowing writers to focus more on the creative aspects of their work.

However, there are also potential negative effects of AI on writers in Hollywood.

One concern is that AI could be used to replace human writers altogether, leading to job losses and a loss of creativity in the industry. Another concern is that AI could be used to create content that is formulaic or lacks originality. It might be bad at the nuance of human experience and be limited with how it perceives life.

'Metropolis'Credit: Parufamet

Writers won't be the only ones affected by this new trend. Directors also should have some worries. On the positive side, AI could be used as a tool to help directors with tasks such as pre-visualization, shot planning, and post-production.

For example, AI could be used to create virtual sets, which could help directors to visualize their scenes and make decisions about camera angles and lighting before filming begins. AI could also be used to analyze and edit footage, making the post-production process more efficient and cost-effective.

However, there are also potential negative effects of AI on directors in Hollywood.

One concern is that AI could be used to replace human directors altogether. We would instead have computers trying to tell us about the human experience or estimating emotions they are not complex enough to feel. This could lead toward an overreliance on tropes or the points of view of the people who created the AI, which may not be reflexive as a whole.

'Mr. Robot'Credit: USA Network

When it comes to producing, AI could be used as a tool to help producers with tasks such as predicting audience response, optimizing marketing strategies, and even identifying potential investment opportunities.

For example, AI algorithms could analyze audience data to predict which types of films or TV shows are likely to be successful, helping producers make more informed decisions about what projects to pursue. AI could also be used to analyze marketing data and make recommendations about how to reach and engage audiences more effectively.

In reality, this kind of intelligence might completely eliminate producers. Who needs someone to make calls to package when a computer can send form emails to agents or use its metrics to decide which projects it should be greenlighting?

That just is the start.

'Ex Machina'Credit: A24

I hate being a constant fearmonger on this website, but I don't like the cavalier way people have been talking about artificial intelligence and its applications in Hollywood. It's going to take jobs away from artists and people with taste, and we have to nip that in the bud now before it is too late.

People keep saying that AI is further in the future than you think, but what if I told you that if you read this article, every paragraph up until this section was mostly written by a computer? Yes, I had to go through and polish it and, yes, there were a few mistakes, but we are not as far off from this being the norm as you think.

I legitimately just added the headings and let Chat GPT do the rest, mostly as an experiment. And I think we can agree those answers are well thought out and mimic the way I usually write. They even mimic our website format.

The fact is, when giant corporations buy a bunch of Hollywood companies, they are looking for ways to strip the movie and TV process down. How can we employ fewer people and maximize profits? Well, I think they will do it with computer-generated stories and positions.

That spells less creativity and originality and work for us all.

Let me know what you think about all this in the comments.

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How Will Artificial Intelligence Affect Hollywood? - No Film School

Anyone who has held paper and a paintbrush knows the effort it goes into making a piece of art. The effort went for a toss last year when our timelines across social media platforms got inundated by AI-generated artworks, stunning yet scary to fathom. Machines replacing human labour is something we have often heard, that it could happen to artists was somewhat inconceivable. And that an AI tool can generate artwork by just mere prompts can leave any artist uneasy.

While artificial intelligence (AI) is doing its thing, an academic research group of PhD students and professors at the University of Chicago, USA, have launched a tool to thwart it. Glaze is their academic research project aimed at thwarting AI from mimicking the style of artists. What if you could add a cloak layer to your digital artwork that makes it harder for AI to mimic? Say hello to Glaze, it says on its website.

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Glaze is a tool to help artists to prevent their artistic styles from being learned and mimicked by new AI-art models such as MidJourney, Stable Diffusion and their variants. It is a collaboration between the University of Chicago SAND Lab and members of the professional artist community, most notably Karla Ortiz. Glaze has been evaluated via a user study involving over 1,100 professional artists, Glazes website reads.

Glaze Beta2 has been made available for download starting March 18.

It is a normal exercise for several artists to post their work online to build a portfolio and even earn from it. However, generative AI tools have been equipped to create artworks in the same style after just seeing a few of the original ones.

This is what Glaze aims to thwart by creating a cloaked version of the original image.

Glaze generates a cloaked version for each image you want to protect. During this process, none of your artwork will ever leave your own computer. Then, instead of posting the original artwork online, you could post the cloaked artwork to protect your style from AI art generators, it says.

The way it happens is, when an artist wants to post her work online but does not want AI to mimic it, she can upload her work, in digital form, to Glaze. The tool then makes a few changes, which are hardly visible to the human eye. We refer to these added changes as a style cloak and changed artwork as cloaked artwork, it says. While the cloaked artwork appears identical to the original to humans, the machine picks up the altered version. Hence, whenever it gets a prompt, say Mughal women in south Delhi in MF Husain style, the artwork generated by AI will be very different from the said artists style. This protects the artistic style to be mimicked without the artists consent.

While Glaze Beta2 is available for download, the research is under peer review.

Glaze, however, has its share of shortcomings. Like changes made to certain artworks that have flat colours and smooth backgrounds, such as animation styles, are more visible. While this is not unexpected, we are searching for methods to reduce the visual impact for these styles, the makers say.

Also, unfortunately, Glaze is not a permanent solution against AI mimicry, they say. It is because, AI evolves quickly, and systems like Glaze face an inherent challenge of being future-proof. Techniques we use to cloak artworks today might be overcome by a future countermeasure, possibly rendering previously protected art vulnerable, they add.

Although the tool is far from perfect, its utility for artists is beyond any doubt. The issue becomes all the more glaring when one considers multiple artists who find it tough to earn a decent living through this craft. The AI companies, on the other hand, many of whom charge a subscription fee, earn millions.

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Rules and laws are yet to catch up with the pace at which AI is advancing, leaving little for artists to fight with to protect their work. This is where projects like Glaze rise to prominence.

It is important to note that Glaze is not panacea, but a necessary first step towards artist-centric protection tools to resist AI mimicry. We hope that Glaze and followup projects will provide some protection to artists while longer term (legal, regulatory) efforts take hold, it says on Glazes website.

Meanwhile, the technology has already hopped to the next stop. The startup Runway AI has come up with a video generator that generates videos, merely by a prompt.

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This project at University of Chicago aims at thwarting artificial intelligence from mimicking artistic styles details - The Financial Express