If you were to ask most people about the origins of communism, theyd likely point to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, authors of The Communist Manifesto. If you asked a Marxist, however, theyd likely point to Franois-Nol Gracchus Babeuf, who is regarded as the first revolutionary communist.
And if Babeuf could still speak today and was asked about the origins of his belief, hed likely reply that, well, its complicated.
On July 28, 1794, French politician Maximilien Robespierre was beheaded in front of a crowd by guillotine, bringing an end to the dictatorship of the Jacobin Club, a revolutionary political society, during the French Revolution.
The beheading of Robespierre also brought an end to his Reign of Terrora bloody segment of the French Revolution in whichhe had more than 16,000 people beheaded.
Babeufs role in history came soon after the death of Robespierrean event that sent the numerous radical figures beneath him into disarray. According to the book The Red Flag by David Priestland, Babeuf condemned Robespierre for betraying the artisans and peasants of France, and became the leader of one of the first communist movements.
Babeufs goal was to overthrow the French Directorythe revolutionary government that lastedfrom 1795 to 1799and to restore power to the Jacobins with egalitarian communism under a new system drawn from the then-emerging ideas of socialism.
Franois-Nol Babeuf (17601797), regarded as the first revolutionary communist, is shown in a portrait from a 1846 book by Lonard Gallois.(Public Domain)
Babeuf had developed a more radical condemnation of property than he had under the Jacobins, according to Priestland, and he abandoned the idea that agrarian law alone could bring about his new vision of absolute equality.
Under his new vision, money would be eliminated, and people would be forced to hand over all fruits of their labor to a common storehouse. From there, an all-powerful government would be in charge of redistributing these goods.
Babeuf took a lesson from what he regarded as the shortcomings of moderate Jacobinism and took note of Robespierres widespread use of violence in the Reign of Terror. Babeuf sought an even more extreme system that would use violent revolution to seize control and force its will on society.
This plot took form in Babeufs Conspiracy of Equals, which he formed while imprisoned in February 1795 for inciting rebellion, murder, and dissolution of the national representative body, according to A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution. The booknotes that the conspirators included ex-terrorists and neo-terrorists among the prisoners: Germain, Bodson, Debon, and Buonarroti. They were soon joined by other radicals.
However, before Babeufs armed uprising could unfold on its set date of May 11, 1796, the French Directory caught wind of it. On May 10, one day before the plot was to unfold, Babeuf and many of his conspirators were arrested, and after a two-month trial, many were sentenced to death.
Babeuf was beheaded by guillotine on May 27, 1797, yet his theories were carried on by one of his surviving conspirators, Filippo Buonarroti, who documented the history of the failed movement.
Built on the ideas of Babeuf, a new secret society known as the League of Outlaws soon emerged in Paris.
A German tailor named Wilhelm Weitling joined the society after arriving in Paris in 1835, according to Priestland, and soon became one of the best known communist figures of the 1840s.
Weitling took Babeufs ideas of violent revolution, state-enforced equality, and the destruction of ownership and, according to Priestland, infused these with his own ideas of a Christian apocalyptic vision. Under him, the League of Outlaws also changed its name to the League of the Just.
Many radical secret societies existed in Europe at the time, and many figures and newspapers were spreading the new ideas of socialism and communism. This held especially true in Paris, which saw many attempted revolutions throughout the 1800s.
The League of the Just joined the May 1839 Blanquist rebellion, led by Louis Auguste Blanqui. Hewould later become leader of what may be regarded as the first communist government, the Paris Commune of 1871, which waged a program of killing and destruction that in just over two months left tens of thousands dead and an estimated quarter of Paris and its cultural relics in ruins.
The remains of the Vendme Column, after it was destroyed by communards led by Gustave Courbet on May 16, 1871, in the Paris Commune. (Harris Brisbane Dick Fund, 1953)
However, communism had begun to take root before the Paris Commune, and from those early beginnings, modern communism, based in state-enforced atheism and endless struggle, would grow.
The League of the Just relocated to London after the failed 1839 rebellion and formed the Educational Society for German Workingmen in 1840. Then, at a congress in June 1847, the League of the Just joined with the Communist Correspondence Committee formed one year prior and headed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
They then formed theCommunist League, with Marx and Engels at the helm. From within the league, Marx and Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto, which they published a year later in 1848.
The manifesto has since become a core text of modern communist regimes. Yet, according to Marx and the Permanent Revolution in France by Bernard H. Moss,it was at the time merely a sketchy pamphlet written for a small sect and didnt immediately gain much attention.
The manifesto had little immediate impact because in 1848 most of the ideas it contained were commonplace among working-class democrats, certainly in France, according to Moss.
Instead, it gained popularity as Marx and Engels raised their profiles over time,since it provided a short and consolidated pamphlet that would relay its teachings to people who would be unlikely to slog through Marxs and Engelss other writings.
Another major part played by Marx and Engels, however, was in their attempts to unify the various socialist and communist movements of their timework first attempted in the German Workers Club, then successfully through their roles in the International Workingmans Association, also known as the First International.
Marx and Engels sought to unite the numerous socialist and communist movements under a common ideology, and they set down a form of communism that pulled deeply from its roots in the ideasbehind the French Revolution. Marx and Engels made a fervent call for the destruction of all hierarchy that could challenge their own totalitarian hierarchy and, like the French Revolution, took aim to destroy the family, property, nobility, and religion.
While The Communist Manifesto seemed to call for lofty-sounding concepts like equality and sharing, it promotes ideas that are disastrous to humankind. The manifestostates that communism abolishes eternal truths, it abolishes all religion, and all morality.
In place of traditional virtues and personal accountability, the manifesto wanted an all-powerful government that would forcefully destroy all social structures and place itself as the sole power that would force on its citizens a new system of atheism and class struggle.
Marx and Engels wrote in 1845, in The Holy Family, that the revolutionary movement which began in 1789 in the Cercle Social and which finally with Babeufs conspiracy was temporarily defeated, gave rise to the communist idea which Babeufs friend Buonarroti re-introduced in France after the Revolution of 1830. This idea, consistently developed, is the idea of the new world order.
In just over a century, this new system would, according to The Black Book of Communism, be responsible for the deaths of over 100 million people.
Communism is estimated to have killed at least 100 million people, yet its crimes have not been fully compiled and its ideology still persists. The Epoch Times seeks to expose the history and beliefs of this movement, which has been a source of tyranny and destruction since it emerged. Read the whole series at ept.ms/DeadEndCom
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The Dark Origins of Communism: Part 1 of 3 - The Epoch Times