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Communism is one of our top all-time lookups, and user comments suggest thats because it is often used in opaque ways. In some sources, communism is equated with socialism; in others, it is contrasted with democracy and capitalism. Part of this confusion stems from the fact that the word communism has been applied to varying political systems over time. When it was first used in English prose, communism referred to an economic and political theory that advocated the abolition of private property and the common sharing of all resources among a group of people, and it was often used interchangeably with the word socialism by 19th-century writers. The differences between communism and socialism are still debated, but generally English speakers used communism to refer to the political and economic ideologies that find their origin in Karl Marxs theory of revolutionary socialism, which advocates a proletariat overthrow of capitalist structures within a society, societal and communal ownership and governance of the means of production, and the eventual establishment of a classless society. The most well-known expression of Marxs theories is the 20th-century Bolshevism of the U.S.S.R., in which the state, through a single authoritarian party, controls a societys economy and social activities with the goal of realizing Marxs theories.

Communism is often contrasted with capitalism and democracy, though these can be false equivalencies depending on the usage. Capitalism refers to an economic theory in which a societys means of production are held by private individuals or organizations, not the government, and where prices, distribution of goods, and products are determined by a free market. It can be contrasted with the economic theories of communism, though the word communism is used of both political and economic theories. Democracy refers to a system of government in which supreme power is vested in the people and exercised through a system of direct or indirect representation which is decided through periodic free elections. Democracy is contrasted with communism primarily because the 20th-century communism of the U.S.S.R. was characterized by an authoritarian government, whereas the democracy of the 20th-century U.S. was characterized by a representative government.

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Communism | Communism Definition by Merriam-Webster

President Joko Widodo. Photo: Reuters / Darren Whiteside

President Joko Widodo wants to make it clear that he thinks communism is a threat to Indonesia and that hes ready to whoop any reds that dare to show their face in the archipelago. You just need to show him one.

The question is, where are they? Where? Jokowi asked on Saturday during a speech at the University of Muhammadiyah Malang, as quoted by Tribun. If you show them me to me, I will clobber them immediately because the law is clear.

Ever since 1965, when a supposed coup plot by the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) led to the assassination of four military generals, a power grab by the dictator Suharto and the death of an estimated 500,000-1,000,000 people in a bloody purge of everybody in and associated with the PKI, Indonesia has been haunted by the ghost of communism. Even today, military generals and politicians often speak about the dangers of communists infiltrating Indonesia.

The problem, of course, is that there isnt a single credible communist threat to Indonesia today. The PKI are long gone, communism in almost all of its forms are banned from the country (even t-shirt form!) and the only semi-communist superpower left, China, is close trading and business partners with Indonesia.

But after decades of being subjected to propaganda about the evils of communism under Suhartos New Order (such as forced viewings of the ridiculously inaccurate docudramaPengkhianatan G30S/PKI) Indonesian fears about the mostly failed ideology remain high and no politician, including President Jokowi, wants to be seen as being soft on commies.

Since he first decided to run for president, Jokowis political enemies have attempted to trick regular citizens into believing conspiracy theories and fake news on social media about how Jokowi was either a secret Christian and/or an agent of the Chinese attempting to protect a new PKI threat.

Jokowi said during his speech on Saturday that, while he usually couldnt be bothered to respond to those kinds of rumors, he wanted to finally take the opportunity to directly refute them.

When the PKI were disbanded, I was only three years old, he said. Addressing rumors that there were communist sympathizers in his family, he invited people to investigate his genealogical history as he had nothing to hide.

He reiterated once again that communist organizations were banned from Indonesia for being contrary to the countrys founding principles of Pancasila, and he would immediately disband any such organization in line with the constitution.

Last month, the government initiated the disbandment of the Indonesian chapter of Hizbut Tahrir, an Islamist organization with the goal of replacing all governments with an Islamic caliphate, with Jokowi citing the fact that the organizations goals were contrary to Pancasila and thus banned by the government.

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President Jokowi: If there are any communists, show me, I'll clobber them immediately - Coconuts

This a PBS documentary which looks into how Communism started with Vladimir Lenin's Bolsheviks revolution. Also offers testimony of members of the Red Guard, party activists, students, and workers striving to build a modern industrial state.

Communism is a social structure and political ideology in which property is commonly controlled. Communism (written with a capital C) is a modern political movement that aims to overthrow capitalism via revolution to create a classless society where all goods are publicly owned. Karl Marx posited that communism would be the final stage in human society, which would be achieved through a proletarian revolution and only becoming possible after a socialist stage develops the productive forces, leading to a superabundance of goods and services.

"Pure communism" in the Marxian sense refers to a classless, stateless and oppression-free society where decisions on what to produce and what policies to pursue are made democratically, allowing every member of society to participate in the decision-making process in both the political and economic spheres of life.

In modern usage, communism is often used to refer to Bolshevism or Marxism-Leninism and the policies of the various communist states which had government ownership of all the means of production and centrally planned economies. Communist regimes have historically been authoritarian, repressive, and coercive governments concerned primarily with preserving their own power. Episodes included: 1. Red Flag, 2. Fallout, 3. Brave New World, 4. Great Leap Forward, 5. Guerrilla Wars, and 6. People Power.

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Communism: The Promise and the Reality - Top Documentary Films

What is 'Communism'

A political and economic ideology based on communal ownership and the absence of class. Communism, which can be thought of as capitalism's opposite, says that in a capitalist society, the working class (the proletariat) is exploited by the ruling class (the bourgeoisie).

While based on a Utopian ideal of equality and abundance, as expressed by the popular slogan, "From each according to his ability, to each according to his need," communism in practice has only existed under authoritarian government and has been the source of millions of human rights violations and deaths.

One of the fundamental problems with communism is the knowledge problem, which describes how, without a price system, central planners cannot accurately determine what goods and services should be produced or in what quantities. Useless surpluses and devastating shortages are the result. Communism is often considered to be a twentieth century political experiment that officially failed in the late 1980s and early 1990s with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union.

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Communism - Investopedia

The Reign of Terror in the French Revolution laid the foundations from which communism grew. It pushed for an idea of liberation that gradually destroyed free will, and was based on a top-down system that sought to establish social good by regulating the beliefs and opinions of the individual.

Communism sustains itself by violently suppressing all other ideas. Its dictators hold that their ideas are Utopianthe ends of human progressand that all ideas contrary to their own should be crushed by force.

Before Franois-Nol Gracchus Babeuf attempted his Conspiracy of Equals, and before his ideas spawned the League of Outlaws, his was just another name within Maximilien Robespierres club. Robespierre was behind the bloodiestsegment of the French Revolution, the Reign of Terror.

The French Revolution of 1789 to 1799 followed closely on the heels of the American Revolution, which lasted from 1775 to 1783. However, unlike the American Revolution, which was based on individuals embracing a common set of ideas and unity for a common objective, the French Revolutions many clubs and societies had vastly different ideologies and goals.

Leaders in the American Revolution were fighting for independence against imperial rule, but the leaders of the French Revolution had a very different enemy. They werent just fighting against their own king. They were fighting against all the current systemsincluding religion and traditional morals.

The mistakes they would make would be repeated under the communist regimes that arosein other parts of the world.

The leaders of the French Revolution turned to sweeping laws in chasing their obsession with liberationand with each new law, they branded new swathes of society as enemies of the revolution. Likewise, under communism the doctrine of the personal is political became a reason for creating new laws, and similarly, each new law identified a new set of enemies.

Soon after Vladimir Lenintook power in Russia through his 1917 October Revolution, he erected a statue of Robespierre, according to Le Bolchevisme et le Jacobinisme, written in Paris in 1920 by Albert Mathiez and translated by the communist website Marxists Internet Archive.

This was symbolic, Mathiez wrote, since Lenin, like all the Russian socialists, is nourished by the history of our great [French] revolution, is inspired by its example, and puts it into practice while adapting them to his country and the circumstances.

A portrait of Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794), who led the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution. (Public domain)

He wrote that both Robespierres Jacobinism and Lenins Bolshevism were class dictatorships operating by the same methods: terror, requisition, and taxes, and proposing as a final outcome the same goal, the transformation of society. And not only of Russian or French society, but of universal society.

Robespierres party was from within the Jacobin Club, a radical revolutionary society, which was in turn divided between the liberal Girondins and the radical Montagnards, of which Robespierre was a leading member.

Disagreements between its moderate members and its extremist members would cause much of the chaos the French Revolution would come to be known for. When Robespierre took power in July 1793, the Committee of Public Safety had only recently, on June 2, launched the Reign of Terror, bringingan end to parliamentary democracy within the French Revolution.

Many Jacobin deputies had already concluded that saving the Revolution required ruthless measures, wroteWilliam S. Cormack in the book Revolution and Political Conflict in the French Navy 1789-1794. Cormackadds that Robespierre believed that France needed a single will, une volont une.'

The movement of state terror can be summed up in a speech from one of its leading participants, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just:

You can hope for no prosperity as long as the last enemy of liberty breathes. You have to punish not only traitors but even those who are neutral; since the French People has declared its will, everyone who is opposed to it is outside the sovereign body; and everyone who is outside the sovereign body is an enemy.

The mass use of violence in the Reign of Terror would begin in early September 1793, after crowds invaded the assembly and demanded it accept the program of their collectivist movement. The Sans-culottes, the lower-class commoners in 18th-century France, blamed the lack of food on farmers, who they believed were hoarding it for themselves. They asked the Jacobins to increase the Terror against the farmers and to push food out of their storehouses with bayonets.

This movement mirrored what would be seen under many communist leaders, from Lenin to Mao Zedong, who launched movements to seize seeds, crops, and even tools from farmers, which triggered even worse famines.

On Sept. 17, 1793, the Committee of Public Safety introduced its Law of Suspects. It declared as guilty anyone suspectedof being against the policies of the regime, and violations could include acting suspiciously, associating with the wrong people, or saying or writing anything considered out of line.Those who violated this new law were beheaded by the guillotine.

Robespierre explained this concept: Those who accuse us are themselves accused.

Similar policies were seen under communist dictatorships, when anyone who opposed the various violent revolutions were labeled as counterrevolutionaries and were similarly denounced or killed. This was a cornerstone of Maos policies during the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976.

On Oct. 24, under the Law of Suspects, among those beheaded first were 22 leaders of the liberal Girondins. This ended the Girondins influence in the French Revolution and galvanized the control of the radical Montagnards.

A portrait of Louis de Saint-Just (1767-1794), a radical member of the French Revolution, painted in 1793. (Public Domain).

During a purge of the French town of Leon, Saint-Just said,Between the people and its enemies, there is nothing in common but the sword.

Lenin would later push a similar concept, under his idea of partisanship. There were those who supported the revolution, and those who did notandthe ones who did not support it were marked for destruction. The idea that society should be divided into only two factions, with nomiddle ground,can still be found in todays political conflicts.

The French Revolution leaders preached collective good to justify the use of widespread violence. There was a certain consistency in the Revolutions appeal to the authority of the People to justify violence against the population, stated Ralph C. Hancock and L. Gary Lambert in the book The Legacy of the French Revolution.

The idea of the People invoked by these revolutionary dictators did not refer to the people of the country, but instead the people of the system they aimed to create. For the sake of these people to be created by the revolution, no crime was too great and no atrocity was too gruesome.

While the French Revolution called for principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity, the concept of total liberty they proposed is best described as total anarchy, said Fr. William Jenkins, in a 1980s segment of the TV show What Catholics Believe.

During the Terror, he said, Robespierre and his fellow revolutionaries slaughtered many French peasants. He said based on the extremist logic, People here had never seen [violence like this] before, people here had never committed a crime, but they had to die so that France could be transformed into a socialist society.

A smaller and more extreme clique within the Montagnards, known as the Cordeliers Club, would play keyparts in this new movement.

The Cordeliers Club founded the Paris Commune, which became the government of Paris during the French Revolution, from 1789 to 1795. Through movements that included the September Massacres, which killed more than 1,200 priests and other prisoners with theaim of eliminating Christianity among the churches and the people, the Paris Commune would be remembered as one of the first institutions of modern state terror.

The Cordeliers Clubs founders were Georges Danton, who played a major role in storming the Bastille, and Camille Desmoulins, who was a childhood friend of Robespierre and a key player in the revolution.

Among this extreme faction was the still more extreme Jacques Hbert, who spawned the Hbertist movement and promulgated the Cult of Reason, a state religion aimed at crushing religion.

A sketch from 1793 shows the Goddess of Reason under the Cult of Reason during the French Revolution. (Public Domain)

The Cult of Reason had been formed by Antoine-Franois Momoro, but the worship of reason was started by Hbert and Pierre Gaspard Chaumette. The new system rejected the idea of any deity, and in its explicit religion of man, itconstructed a new Goddess of Reason andbecame the first known state religion of atheism.

It is such a mockery for Robespierre to have led a procession into Notre Dame to honor the Goddess of Reason, and then in the midst of this bloodshedin the name of liberty, equality, and fraternitydestroy hundreds of thousands of innocent lives, Jenkins said, referring to estimates the French Revolution killed between 300,000 to 400,000 people by famine, war, executions, and other causes.

The Cult of Reason brought with it the dechristianization campaign to eliminate Christianity and Catholicism in France.

In November 1793, the Cult of Reason launched its Festival of Reason. Priests were publicly shamed and humiliated; men dressed in clerical garments urinated on altars and smashed up churches; religious symbols were removed from graveyards; and farm animals were dressed as priests and put in the churches.

It was a movement all too similar to the destruction of religion and traditional beliefs that came later under Lenin, Mao, and other communist dictators who installed similar systems of state atheism.

The Cult of Reason was marked by indulgent masquerades, lewd acts, and scenes of destruction. It reached such depravity that even Robespierre turned against it.

Robespierres answer was a law to recognize freedom of worship, and the formation of his own religion, the deist Cult of the Supreme Being, which worshiped a vague higher power. He launched the cult with his Festival of the Supreme Being in June 1794.

A painting shows the Festival of the Cult of the Supreme Being, 1794. (Pierre-Antoine Demachy [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons)

For Robespierre, however, this was the beginning of the end. He was beheaded the following month, on July 28, 1794. This ended his Reign of Terror, although France would still have many rough years ahead before Napoleon Bonaparte restored order in 1804.

Fr. Donald Sanborn said in an episode of the TV show What Catholics Believe that the French Revolution reduced a nation to a mob. Communism feeds off that.

Communism is the complete equalization and socialization of a whole nation, which works by obliterating individual rights, property rights, families, and even the most basic social structures, he said, and you areevery aspect of your lifeis controlled by the state.

He said, That is only possible if you break down all of the God-given institutions of men. If you break that down and say everything is equal before the state, and the state doesnt even look at families, doesnt look at the church, doesnt look at God, and it just looks at individuals, that is the basis of communism.

He referenced a quote from Pope Pius XI, who declared on May 15, 1931, No one can be at the same time a sincere Catholic and a true socialist.

Communism is estimated to have killed at least 100 million people, yet its crimes have not been fully compiled and its ideology still persists. The Epoch Times seeks to expose the history and beliefs of this movement, which has been a source of tyranny and destruction since it emerged. Read the whole series at ept.ms/DeadEndCom

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The Dark Origins of Communism: Part 2 of 3 - The Epoch Times