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While going through an online edition of theWashington Post, a publication that I admire for its objectivity and carefully researched news and opinions, I suddenly noticed something unusual.

On the front page of the newspaper where the date used to be, there was the motto, democracy dies in darkness. Death is of course a shocker for any human being. But why should such an influential newspaper, respected around the world, put such a motto on its front page? Of course the choice of this motto is influenced by the local issues in America and that does not really interest me much.

DEMOCRACY IN CHAINS

One of the opinion columns, to my shock, again was giving a literary criticism of a book by Nancy MacLean entitledDemocracy in Chains: The Deep History of the Radical Rights Stealth Plan for America. Seeing these two seemingly pessimistic views on democracy quickly sent my medulla oblongata into a heightened mode. Indeed, democracy is in trouble.

Immediately the image of Donald Trump came into my mind. Nancy MacLeans book criticism of the ultra-right definitely smells of a conspirators theory but I believe it also gives a view shared by many today that indeed democracy is in trouble not only in America but even right here in Kenya.

The recent court ruling that ordered the printing of the presidential ballot papers be done by Al Ghurair printing company is, to say the least, worrisome. The issue at hand in my view is not really whether this Dubai-based company is capable of performing this task or culpable as far as underhand dealings are concerned.

ALSO READ: Opinion: Recognition of Kenyans of Asian origin welcome

INSTITUTIONS

It is really about the process. This court ruling prompted me to ask whether our Kenyan democracy was dying at infancy considering that ours is a much younger democracy. Just like Nancy MacLean raised concerns on whether the the so-called radical right is killing democracy. I also want to think that the Jubilee Party and its affiliates in various State institutions are out to kill our young but vibrant democracy.

Most Kenyans now believe institutions such as IEBC do the bidding of the Government and this is reinforced by the fact that both the IEBC and the Government have maintained the same position on various contentious issues. One amongst these is the printing of the ballot papers and who should do that job.

TheWashington Postmotto, democracy dies in darkness, therefore, is very relevant to the Kenyan context. In a democracy it is expected that every step of the elections need to be transparent, any sign of doubt brings the whole election process into doubt and its legitimacy into disrepute.

VOTERS CHOICE

Ideally, an election should be left to the voters to decide. And the voter must have the perception and the feeling that the election in which he is about to participate in is fair and free. If a voter finds his rights to vote for the right choice of candidates is violated, this leads to anger and as we saw in 2007, violence. The nation is polarised already due to the more than active campaigns seen on both sides of the divide. What to do?

The NASA candidates are relentless in their efforts to convince the voters. In these numerous political rallies, the kind of words being used by both sides of the political divide are already scaring many people, most of them, sadly, investors.

ALSO READ: Tourism industry calls for issue-based campaigns, credible elections

The Government also appears to be bracing for violence after it procured armored vehicles equipped with instruments to control and contain riots.

I hear most airlines are fully booked in the periods around the elections. People with money are fleeing with their cash. An investor friend of mine from the UK who was planning to invest in the real estate business with colossal sums of money has halted his plans until after the elections.

NON DELIVERY

All these fears and anxiety are caused by concerns that institutions mandated to oversee the election processes might not deliver credible elections. But is it for nothing that we should wonder whether the IEBC, the Judiciary, the security agents are impartial?

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Democracy dies in darkness: the worrying case of Kenya's polls - The Standard

President Pranab Mukherjee hailed on Sunday Indias democracy and Parliament in particular, delivering an emotional farewell speech at the Central Hall where he urged lawmakers to debate, discuss and dissent but not disrupt. (Presidents speech: Full text)

Mukherjee, the 13th President of India, will leave the Rashtrapati Bhawan on Tuesday when his successor Ram Nath Kovind is sworn in.

I strived to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution, not just in word but also in spirit, Mukherjee said, reflecting upon his time as Indias titular head of state that began in 2012.

The President has raised eyebrows last year when he ordered the dismissal of the Uttarakhand government.

Mukherjee spent 37 years as a Congress member in Parliament, where, he said on Sunday, realised how disruption hurts the opposition more than the government as it denies them the opportunity to raise the concerns of the people, the President said.

The monsoon session of Parliament currently underway has seen repeated adjournments, costing of time and money for the House. Both Houses of Parliament have often been marred by protests that have delayed the rollout of key legislation.

When Parliament fails to discharge its lawmaking role or enacts laws without discussion, I feel it breaches the trust reposed in it by the people of this great country, he said.

In addition to disruptions, the President spoke out about Ordinances in particular, calling it a tool that should be used only in compelling circumstances.

Mukherjee shared a story about his mentor, late PM Indira Gandhi, on the importance of self-correction. After the Congresss poll defeat following the Emergency, Gandhi and Mukherjee were in London in 1978 and faced journalists, he said. The first question that was flung at her was, What have been your gains from the Emergency? Looking at the journalist squarely in the eye, Indira Gandhi replied, In those 21 months, we comprehensively managed to alienate all sections of Indian people. I learnt an early lesson of acknowledging my mistakes and rectifying them. Self-correction in such situations is always a better option than self-justification, Mukherjee said.

Earlier, vice president Hamid Ansari recalled how Mukherjee spoke about nurturing pluralism and diversity. He quoted Mukherjee to add that there is room for Argumentative Indian but not intolerant Indian. Ansari said these messages are important in our troubled times. The President too, spoke about the diversity of the country of 130 crore people who, he said, belonged to three major ethnic groups, practicing seven major religions and speaking 122 languages in daily lives.

Not a single part of this vast territory of 3.3 million square kilometers of landmass and islands is unrepresented in the Parliament. Each of the 788 voices of MPs is important, said Mukherjee. His comment assumes significance in the wake of the rise of smaller parties in Parliament.

Mukherjee spoke about his association with PV Narsimha Rao, remember former PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee for his oration, Manmohan Singh for his calming presence, and recalled how LK Advani gave him mature advice and Sonia Gandhi was a passionate supporter of social legislations.

In the closing parts of his speech, he praised Prime Minister Modi and said: Ill carry with me fond memories of association with PM Narendra Modi and remember his warm behaviour towards me. He praised the PM for advice and co-operation at every step and added that the BJP leader is working with passion and energy, he is driving transformational changes.

It will be with a tinge of sadness and a rainbow of memories that I will be leaving this building today... I leave with a sense of fulfilment and happiness of having served the country, he said, before finishing his speech with Jai Hind.

Mukherjee will address the nation tomorrow before he demits office.

Link:
In farewell speech, President Pranab Mukherjee hails democracy, urges leaders to discuss and dissent - Hindustan Times

Rwandan president Paul Kagame greets supporters at the kickoff of his reelection campaign on July 14.

KIGALI, Rwanda

Next month one of the worlds most remarkable leaders, President Paul Kagame of Rwanda, will be overwhelmingly re-elected to a third seven-year term. Kagame runs an authoritarian state and does not tolerate serious opposition. That is not, however, the main reason he can count on such an overwhelming victory. He is being rewarded for turning his devastated country into a most unexpected success story.

Rwandans will re-elect Kagame because they want this progress to continue. They can also be sure that while he holds power, his strong hand will assure ethnic peace. That is no small matter in a country that still lives with the unfathomable trauma of fratricide that killed nearly a million people in 1994.

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Ten years ago I wrote a book about this trauma and Kagames role in ending it. This is my first visit back since then. It comes as Kagame faces what may be his greatest challenge, one that few strongmen have mastered: transition to a more open society. His success or failure will resonate far beyond the verdant hills of this poor and landlocked country.

Rwanda is following the path blazed by countries like South Korea and Taiwan: development first, then democracy. Under Kagames leadership, it will probably continue to grow and become more prosperous. A stable political system, though, would be something entirely new here. Kagames place in history will depend not only on what he achieves, but what happens after he is gone.

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From outside, the formula for political evolution seems obvious. Over the next seven years, Kagame could ease restrictions on free speech and allow political parties of every persuasion to grow and campaign openly. Then, in 2024, he would remain above the fray and accept whatever voters decide.

Decades after a genocide, the country is remarketing itself as the regions economic miracle.

This simple formula ignores Rwandas painful realities. Kagames restrictions on free speech mean that the countrys two traditional ethnic groups, Hutu and Tutsi, cannot preach hatred of each other. If democracy means an end to these restrictions, the result could be another explosion of murderous violence. This presents Kagame with an immensely complex set of choices. How can he arrange a peaceful transition to some new form of government without risking a disaster that would destroy everything he has built?

One certainty is that Kagame will not turn to advanced democracies for advice. He scorns the models that Western countries have sought to impose on African countries. Now he must find an alternative for Rwanda that allows debate, but also maintains social peace.

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It is a daunting conundrum. Kagames success in raising his people from ruin has impressed all of Africa, as reflected in the recent election of Rwanda to head the 55-nation African Union in 2018. Shaping a transition to the next phase in Rwandan history may prove even more difficult.

The ethnic conflict that led to genocide in 1994 has faded from view. Whether it still festers in peoples hearts is less clear. The governments mantra, which all must adopt, is that every citizen is only Rwandan, not Hutu or Tutsi. Even using those words is taboo. Government leaders insist that repressing discussion of ethnic differences is the best way to reduce tension over time. Western human rights groups disagree.

Traveling through Rwanda is a revelation. Kigali, the capital, is the cleanest and most orderly city in Africa though Human Rights Watch says this is largely the result of a deliberate practice by the Rwanda National Police of rounding up undesirable people and arbitrarily detaining them. Good roads cover the country. Most people are poor, but the state assures that none truly suffer. More than 90 percent have health insurance and when there is an emergency in a remote area, supplies of blood or medicine can be delivered by drone within an hour. Nearly all children attend school, though the quality of education is often low. Electricity and running water reach more people every year. Tourism, which barely existed before Kagame took office, is now the countrys leading money-earner. Caring for the environment is a national imperative, reflected not only in the protection of majestic mountain gorillas but in less obvious ways, like Kagames ban on the plastic bags that plague much of Africa.

Direct criticism of Kagame or his development project is strongly discouraged sometimes violently, according to outside critics. Nonetheless it seems clear that many Rwandans are genuinely grateful to Kagame. The most obvious reason is that he has kept them from killing each other. He has also given them a sense of hope and pride.

When I traveled to other countries, people used to ask to see the blood on my hands, one man told me. Now when you say Rwanda, they think of security, hygiene and development,

Headlines over articles about Kagame often fit an established narrative: Savior or Dictator? Visionary or Tyrant? This formula misses the point. Kagames success in raising Rwanda from devastation is beyond question. Next months election may herald the beginning of the end of his era. If he can find a formula for political transition that is as successful as his anti-poverty formula has been, Rwanda will be a permanent model for the world.

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Rwanda and the dangers of democracy - The Boston Globe - The Boston Globe

The United States is not a humble country. Despite widespread voter suppression tactics and a criminal justice system that imprisons a higher percentage of black people than South Africa did during apartheid, Americans have a disconcerting tendency to insist that they live in the greatest democracy in the world.

Not only is this claim to be the worlds best highly disputable, but the United States wouldnt classify as a democracy at allfrom the perspective of the ancient Greeks who invented the term.

Josiah Ober, professor of political science and classics at Stanford University and the author of several books on early democracy, argues that the ancient Greek conception of democracy is widely misunderstood today.

We tend to mistranslate it as majority rule. For the ancient Greeks, the word didnt mean majority rule, or majority tyranny. Instead it really means people have the capacity to rule themselves, he says. Thats the core idea of democracy, the capacity for self-governance, not power of one part of the population over another part of the population.

Ancient Greeks believed in widespread self-governance, and would likely be disturbed by the ignorance, apathy, and lack of political service today. Ober believes that they would describe the US as a pseudo-democracy or straight-up oligarchy.

It is not enough that to have elections to select the officials that then govern the United States; ancient Greeks would still view these disparate levels of powerwith one small group of people ruling over the massesas a form of oligarchy. And Ober says they would be particularly unimpressed with the current president of the United States.

Ancient Greeks had a definite idea of the characteristics of a tyrant: A Greek tyrant was a megalomaniac, extremely greedy for material possessions, a sexual aggressor, he sought to block out all of his enemies from any role in politics, says Ober. I think they would look at our current president and say, How doesnt this fit the view we have of what a tyrant is?

The notion that a democracy could remain a democracy while headed by a tyrant simply doesnt hold up, according to Ober. If you have a tyrant, and you accept it and say, Oh, thats too bad, we have a tyrant, then you dont have a democracy.

There are further problems that prevent the US political system from meeting ancient Greek democratic ideals. Rather than the relentless contemporary focus on elections, under a true self-governing democracy, ordinary citizens would take turns holding the majority of public offices.

Moreover, Ober says any strong democratic nation must first establish shared interests, such as a mutual desire for a basic level of national security or welfare.

And strong civic educationexploring the values of the nation, and the responsibilities that go with being a citizenis necessary to a functioning democracy. I think these skills can be learned. Its not like magic, says Ober.

I think the Ancient Greeks would say the US is a failed democracy, he says. Theyd say the inability of the wealthy and relatively non-wealthy to come to some kind of a common judgment about things like healthcare and public education and so on is an example of a failure.

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The inventors of democracy would define the US as an oligarchy run by a tyrant - Quartz

Dear Editor,

We thank the Ulster County Legislature for voting down the sanctuary county law.

The biggest problem with immigration is that we did not enforce the laws, resulting in people not knowing the rules, often disobeying the rules and then feeling entitled. They can also be manipulated and abused, which has happened in many cases.

The resiliency of a democratic form of government is based on its citizens and governmental agencies adhering to its laws. Without that philosophy, you no longer have a trued government of the people, by the people and for the people.

In order for a democracy and its people to thrive, we need a sense of who we are as a nation, including borders which define us and a strong cultural identity while embracing legal immigration. Without any of these components, you create a threshold for anarchy and the emergence of an oligarchic form of government in which we all lose. We become the pawns in the grab for power.

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Thanks to the proven leadership of our county legislators and their adherence to the rule of law, Ulster County residents can be assured that our elected officials continue to promote a true democracy.

Michael and Joan Paccione

Woodstock, N.Y

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LETTER: Defeat of Ulster County 'sanctuary' is victory for democracy - The Daily Freeman