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The European Union has come under fire for its slow response in the coronavirus outbreak.

The bloc's early missteps set the stage for heavy criticism at a time when people are looking to governments to protect them from an invisible enemy.

At yesterday's EU video summit, leaders failed to agree on further economic measures for member states during the rapidly evolving pandemic, an outcome that highlights existing divides between member states on economic policy.

"Basically the outcome of the summit is something not particularly surprising but still its obviously an outcome which is going to cast a shadow on a previously pretty efficient EU response," said Agata Gostyska-Jakubowska from the Centre for European Reform.

Member states did not agree on pooling mutual debt through so called "corona-bonds", something that had been called on by several member states but opposed by those often viewed as more frugal such as Germany and the Netherlands.

"We need to work on a common debt instrument issued by a European institution to raise funds on the market," nine member states including hardest hit Italy and Spain wrote in a letter to European Council President Charles Michel ahead of the video conference summit.

Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez set out a deadline of two weeks for a more concrete agreement, demanding that the EU "learn the lessons of the past and not fail citizens again" after countries disagreed on the recovery bonds.

"The future of the European project is at stake, we choose between a coordinated and united EU or individualism," Sanchez said.

It's not the only misstep that's occurred in the EU's response to the health crisis that has taken the lives of thousands of people in Europe.

Commission President Ursula von der Leyen reproached member states earlier on Thursday for their protectionist approaches to the crisis.

"When Europe really needed to be there for each other, too many initially looked out for themselves," said Ursula von der Leyen during an extraordinary EU Parliament Plenary session. "When Europe really needed an all for one' spirit, too many initially gave an only for me' response."

She was likely referring to bans on exporting personal protective equipment such as masks when Italy called on member states for help.

Italy's ambassador to the EU Maurizio Massari wrote in Politico on March 10 that the actions of other member states did not show "European solidarity" as he called for a European response to the pandemic.

"This initial lack of solidarity with Italy has already made for a pretty big reputation damage," said Gostyska-Jakubowska. "Average Italians will probably remember more favourably the fact that the Chinese are now sending them equipment and will hold it against the member states for turning their back on them."

Indeed it wasn't until March 15 that internal market commissioner Thierry Breton tweeted that bans on equipment were lifted after "intense discussions" with Germany and France. The Commission has said since that the two EU members have sent more masks and equipment to Italy now than China has.

The pandemic has also revealed there is little coordination between member state health systems.

"It showed us how decentralised the members of the European Union are in this policy area," said Cecilie Felicia Stokholm Banke, a senior researcher at the Danish Institute for International Studies.

There is no common system across the European Union for testing, quarantine, or lockdowns. Germany was one of the first countries to close its internal borders acting independently of other states.

Comparing health information across the bloc is tricky, experts have said, due to differences in testing methods and how data is compiled.

But despite those early missteps, there have been large efforts to address the crisis at the European level.

One success in particular, some say, was to create a European stockpile of medical equipment, through the civil protection mechanism that Italy had asked for help from early on. The EU is also putting 140 million into research projects to support treatment, testing and the search for a COVID-19 vaccine.

This month, the Commission banned exports of protective medical equipment outside the EU without express authorisation and closed the bloc's external borders.

But mainly, they have taken certain steps to use their economic role to help member states during the crisis - including loosening existing rules on state finances. This included issuing an escape clause that lifts the rule that governments must keep their budget deficits below 3% of GDP.

The European Central Bank eventually jumped into action creating a 750 billion emergency pandemic plan to buy government debt and stimulate the economy.

But experts say the EU needs to be even more decisive if it wants to preserve its reputation and position amongst member states.

"This could be a make or break moment for the Eurozone," said Gostyska-Jakubowska.

The various moves to help the system have not stopped criticism of the bloc - particularly from some who welcome countries' seemingly nationalistic policies put in place to protect citizens.

Carnegie Europe visiting scholar Marc Pierini wrote in a commentary on the EU's handling of the crisis that the pandemic's timing raised the "political stakes" as it comes after "a decade marked by the emergence of populist and nationalist parties who leaders express open hostility to European integration".

Already the leader of France's far-right Marine Le Pen declared the EU as the "first death" of the pandemic, speaking out about the bloc's "incapacity" to act in an interview with Russia Today (RT).

Indeed many far-right politicians have taken this opportunity to denounce the EU's response to the crisis, talking up the closing of internal borders as a rejection of the message the bloc preaches.

Experts concur that this is a test for the bloc and its values, but many say it's also a key opportunity.

"In the best-case scenario, political leaders not only handle the crisis well, but use the momentum to further much needed steps of deepening," wrote Daniela Schwarzer and Shahin Vale from the German Council of Foreign Relations in a policy brief released earlier this month.

"I wouldnt be that pessimistic actually though I do think its early to say whether the Eurozone would come out stronger from this particular crisis," said Banke.

"I think we will see the European Union actually being able to tackle this situation," she added.

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'The future of the European project is at stake': EU in crosshairs of coronavirus pandemic - Euronews

In many of the Eastern Members States of the European Union, Roma are made the scapegoat for the spread of the virus,as an excuse of some politicians for their lack of proper management to contain the virus and keep people safe from infection.

The pandemic has brought out the worst part of our modern societys behavior, hatred and racism.

Unfortunately, it shows the whole world the huge and sinister difference between social classes, negative attitudes, and discrimination against ethnic minorities.

In Europe, this virus is pointing to a total failure of governments, as a result of their continuous lack of interest and political will for the social inclusion of the largest ethnic group, the people with Romani background.

Around 12 million people with Romani background are living on the continent. More than 6 million in the European Union, and 80% of them live in extreme poverty.

The European Union still has mayors that often stop the sewerage, electricity, water and gas supply just at the beginning of the poor Roma community, so that they can still maneuver them in times of elections with false promises.

Now, they ask Romani people to clean their hands with soap and water. Well, wheres the water, if you didnt give it to them?

The EU still has segregated communities, where human beings, children, live at the garbage dump, they go to bed hungry, in ghettos, and are often bitten by rats.

A European Union where Members States leaders use hate speech against Roma as a political tool to get electorates by their side and win another mandate, where a Hungarian prime minister blocks a court decision granting compensation to Roma victims of school segregation.

This is only a part of a sad image developed from the Members States neglection and lack of equal treatment for the inclusion of the largest minority group in the EU.

Take the following scenario into account: What if a Roma member of a marginalized community, without access to health care services, without protective equipment such as gloves, masks, etc.,is getting infected?What are the risks for an entire community to get sick? Who will treat them? Most of them, especially elders and those in a precarious health condition will be condemned to death. And this will have a devastating effect on an entire society as this situation cannot be easily managed in a country where the health care system is very fragile.

The spread of Corona cannot be slowed down if we ethnicize the problem. Unfortunately, this is happening especially in Eastern European countries, where Roma coming back from Western Europe to their home countries, such as Romania, are blamed and made the scapegoat for the spread of the virus.In Slovakia, the mayor of Kosice, Jaroslav Polacek, warned the society that Roma can spread the coronavirus accusing them of socially unadaptable people.

In other villages and towns, the inhabitants called the police and gendarmerie to take special measures against Roma in segregated communities, asking to put them in prison as the only solution to stop the spread of coronavirus.

The same happens in Bulgaria, where the nationalist VMRO party called for strict measures on people with Romani background.

Racism is not a solution to this crisis. We need to be supportive, the virus does not care about wealth, poverty or ethnicity. It can hit everyone. When it does, it can be lethal, not just for those infected, but for an entire community, if we dont make sure we protect the most vulnerable among us, said Romeo Franz, a Romani Member of the European Parliament.

Instead of using hate speech or racist political narrative, governments should make sure Roma have access to basic utilities,to keep them safe from infection. A response of social solidarity can ensure that the pandemic is overcome as quickly as possible.

Marius Tudor, senior adviser on non-discrimination and Roma Policies at the European Parliament

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Opinion | The European Union is failing its largest ethnic minority in times of Coronavirus crisis - The Brussels Times

The European Union and its Member Statesregretthatthe fightinghas increasedin Libyadespite the international calls for a humanitarian truce to help contain the Coronavirus pandemic inthe country.The challenging circumstances created by the Coronavirus pandemic make the needto halt the fighting in Tripoli and across the country even more urgent. We strongly condemnany attack againstcivilian population.

We urge all the relevant Libyan actorstoimmediately stop the fighting and engage inreaching a political solution to the crisis. The leadershipof thetwo parties shouldcommit tothe draftceasefireagreement developed by the Joint Military Committee (5+5) in the UNSMIL-facilitated Geneva talks,so that all available assetscan be deployedin priorityto contain the Coronavirus crisis.

We condemn the use of civilian infrastructure for military purposes and call on all parties to respect human rights and international law.A truce would facilitate taking all the necessary stepsto protect the Libyan populationandthe most vulnerable in the country, includingthe Libyan IDPs as well asmigrants, refugees and asylum seekers in the detention centres, for whom the possible spread of the virus could have further catastrophic consequences.We strongly support and encourage efforts of Libyan health authorities to come together to assist the Libyan population. Health workersshould be protectedat all times.

Wecall once again on all UN Member States to respect and uphold the UN arms embargo, to discontinue the influx of foreign fighters into Libya and to refrain from destabilising actions that could further deteriorate the already fragile situation in the country.

All the Libyan parties need to engage constructively in the UN-facilitated intra-Libyan talks in order to agree on the implementation of urgent economic and financial measures,including the audit of the Central Bank of Libya and its branch in the East.

It is also crucial to safeguard Libyas oil resources and protect its infrastructurein full compliance with the relevant UN Security Council resolutions.Oil production should resume under the auspices of the National Oil Company (NOC) as a matter of urgency and its equitable distribution among all Libyan regions and in the interest of all Libyansshould be ensured.

On their side, the European Union and its Member States reiterate their full commitment to support the Berlin Process and the UN-led mediation efforts. Theyare ready to deploy all the instruments necessary to ensure full implementation of the BerlinConference Conclusions,including through the new Common Security and Defence Policy operation EUNAVFOR MED-IRINI. They recall the important role of neighbouring countries and regional organisations in the follow-up of the Berlin Process.They also reaffirm theirfull support to the active role of the UNSMILand underline the need for a new United Nations Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Libya to be appointed.

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Declaration by the High Representative Joseph Borrell, on behalf of the European Union, on the situation in Libya - EU News

BRUSSELS With the rapid spread of the new coronavirus, the flattened world has developed a few speed bumps. With trade disrupted and economies paralyzed, some consider that the nation-state is back, as if it ever went away.

For countries like the United States, China and Russia, that is normality. But for the European Union, this continuing experiment in shared sovereignty, borderless trade and freedom of movement, the virus has been a serious systemic shock. Some have even wondered if the bloc itself could shatter under the pressure.

But after a fumbling start, the European Union and its institutions, including the European Central Bank, have begun to cope better with the new challenge of Europe as the epicenter of the virus.

Huge issues remain to be resolved, however. The whole concept of European solidarity is being challenged.

The question, said Marc Pierini of Carnegie Europe, is a pretty simple one: Can an E.U.-level response to this massive crisis prove to citizens that the E.U. will protect them and show solidarity?

The answer so far has been mixed. There is no doubt that the first impulse of important states, like Germany and Austria, was to retreat within their borders, which were being reestablished in panic.

[Update: Boris Johnson, U.K. Prime Minister, has the coronavirus.]

Despite increased efforts from Brussels, six countries still have export bans on medical equipment: Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. France has nationalized its supplies, and 12 states have put up internal borders, blocking the easy transport of goods through the bloc.

But even as some borders have remained closed to combat the spread of the virus, that initial flinching is steadily giving way to pressure from large states, like France, Italy and Spain, joined by six others, to do more collectively, especially financially, to issue a common debt instrument, a kind of Eurobond for the virus to help afflicted countries.

For now, that idea is opposed by the more frugal northern states like the Netherlands and Germany, which think there are other ways to help Italy and Spain, but it will surely be discussed Thursday evening, when European leaders meet in a teleconferenced summit.

The meeting is part of Europes deepening effort at coordination, after a faltering start.

We need to be pretty honest and say that the initial E.U. response was chaotic and belated, said Agata Gostynska-Jakubowska of the Center for European Reform in Brussels.

It was obvious by the end of last year that the virus would come to Europe, she said, but even after it developed in Italy, member states took center stage while the commission, the blocs executive arm, and other E.U. institutions were rather absent, and the harm was done, playing into the hands of Euroskeptics.

As Europe dithered, states recreated internal borders, damaging the single market. Germany in particular has come under criticism for initially banning the export of supplies like masks, protective gear and medical equipment.

Once the commission came up with a European Union-wide restriction on exports, Germany lifted its own, but that took some time. Since then it has shown more solidarity by accepting some coronavirus patients from Italy and France.

Only now is the bloc organizing 50 million euros about $54 million to buy needed medical equipment to distribute to hospitals where it is most needed.

Embarrassingly for Europes leaders, and even for the United States, it was China that stepped in early with medical aid.

The fault for Europes fractured response lies mostly with member states, argued Fabian Zuleeg, chief executive at the European Policy Center in Brussels.

If there is an ineffective European response, a lot has to do with what the member states do, he said. E.U. institutions need to do the right thing, but they need the permission of member states to act.

There was confusion at the beginning, Mr. Zuleeg said. People didnt grasp the magnitude of the crisis, he said. Different countries took different approaches and the commission was uncertain what to do.

There is still a huge risk to the union, said Daniela Schwarzer, director of the German Council on Foreign Relations in Berlin. All the disintegrative tendencies can accelerate.

Even when Chancellor Angela Merkel made a rare national address on the crisis a week ago, she failed to mention Europe at all.

It was possible to frame a national approach in a European perspective, Ms. Schwarzer said, noting that President Emmanuel Macron of France did so, emphasizing the Europe that protects, but Ms. Merkel did not.

A senior adviser to Mr. Macron noted that Europeans have now provided as many masks to Italy as China, but given the delay, they are getting little credit for it.

Mistakes were made for sure, there was some flip-flopping, hesitations, but thats the case everywhere in the world, the official said. When we see whats going on in the United States today, Europe is not the continent thats the least organized.

Part of the problem for Brussels is structural. Health, like terrorism, is considered an issue of national security and is the responsibility of individual member states.

According to the governing treaties, while Brussels has exclusive competence over trade, and has shared competence with member states over matters like agriculture and the single market, on health it can only encourage cooperation among states, promote research and complement national policies.

Europes best instrument in a crisis, then, is money. While it could have acted faster, the European Central Bank on March 19 came up with a huge and unparalleled plan for further quantitative easing a bond-buying plan of up to 750 billion, some 6 percent of eurozone gross domestic product with the promise of more if necessary.

The European Commission has relaxed its rules on state aid to companies and on limits to annual fiscal deficits, and the European Investment Bank has promised up to 40 billion so far in financing, to help with liquidity for companies.

But more will be needed, especially as the size of the economic hit becomes clearer in a bloc that already had anemic growth.

Germany is crucial, and policy changes slowly with the current coalition. But Germany has moved, or has been pushed to move, further toward economic support of member states, Mr. Zuleeg said.

Given that no country can be blamed for being hit by the virus, there is a clear reason to show solidarity, he said.

There is growing recognition that no member state can handle the crisis on its own, but whether that strengthens the European Union in the hazy aftermath of the pandemic is hardly clear. There are already calls for the commission to work to coordinate how the crisis ends, given the economic and human disruption, to avoid the chaos of the start.

We dont know if Europe will become stronger, since were really only at the beginning of this pandemic whose course we dont yet know, said Franois Heisbourg, a French analyst.

The E.U. may strengthen if it demonstrates measures relevant to the crisis and if it can use its scale to overcome the limitations of purely national policies, he said. But the fuss over borders is exaggerated, he added.

The virus travels with the person, so borders are relevant, he said. People talked about how catastrophic it was to have temporary borders between France and Germany, about Europe splintering, Mr. Heisbourg added. But not everything is geopolitical. You cant fight this without borders. Its about the logic of taming the epidemic.

If populists criticize the performance of Brussels, the pandemic is also an argument for giving Brussels more power over health research, standards and the coordination of policies, he argued.

Mr. Zuleeg agrees. When it comes to cross-border issues like this we need to set up ways to react quickly, he said. We had to do it in the financial and monetary field with the debt crisis, and now well have to do it in health. Not because someone wants a bigger Europe, but because we need to do it. We are interdependent across borders.

Monika Pronczuk contributed research from Brussels.

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Europe Fumbled Coronavirus at First. Can It Manage the Pandemic Now? - The New York Times

The EU rejects the decision by the Russian authorities to include the European Endowment for Democracy (EED) on their list of undesirable organisations.

The EED is a values-based organisation set up by the European Union and its Member States, which represents tenets and principles that are also enshrined in the European Convention on Human Rights and shared by many other countries around the world.

The EU urges the relevant Russian authorities to reconsider its legislation on undesirable organisations, and remove the European Endowment for Democracy and other international and foreign donor organisations that have had to terminate their operations aimed at strengthening civil society in the Russian Federation, from the list of undesirable organisations. The Russian legislation on undesirable organisations and foreign agents contributes to restricting civil society, independent media and the rights of political opposition and has a negative impact on the work of civil society in Russia.

We urge the authorities of the Russian Federation to review current legislation in order to bring it in line with its own commitments under European and international human rights law including the relevant Venice Commission opinions.

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Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the EU on listing the European Endowment for Democracy as an undesirable organisation - EU News