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SportsHandle and friends deliver another round-up of the weeks big developments in US sports betting.

DraftKings Partnership With Boost Mobile Marks Pit Stop On Roadmap To Hell

I spend an inordinate amount of time in the company of DraftKings.

And now that Ive typed that and spent a second thinking about it, its making me question some of my life choices. Seriously: After sleeping, working, and time with family, DraftKings is coming in a solid fourth for time spent. For me it is mostly DFS lineup creation, but its also playing the daily casino specials and checking odds boosts and placing a wager or two or four(teen).

DraftKings has me, my rapt attention, and, most useful for them, my money.

Full story here.

As Parliament Session Nears End, CFL Commissioner Doubles Down On Legalization Of Single-Event Sports Betting In Canada

Still in financial straits after canceling the entire 2020 season due to COVID-19, the Canadian Football League reiterated calls on Wednesday for the legalization of single-event sports betting in Canada.

The addition of single-event sports betting will allow the CFL to partner with industry leaders in an effort to drive ticket sales and boost television ratings, CFL Commissioner Randy Ambrosie testified Wednesday evening in a hearing before the Senate Standing Committee on Banking, Trade, and Commerce. As with scores of other businesses throughout Canada, the CFL has been dramatically impacted by the global pandemic, Ambrosie told the committee.

Full story here.

Arizona Regulator: Sports Betting Go-Live Date Is Sept. 9

On the same day that the NFL released the date of the 2023 Super Bowl in Glendale, Ariz., regulators in that state announced they would share proposed event wagering regulations with an eye toward launching operators Sept. 9, the first day of the NFL season. The Dallas Cowboys play at the defending Super Bowl champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers in a Thursday Night Football game to open the season, while the Arizona Cardinals open Sunday, Sept. 12, at the Tennessee Titans.

Arizona regulators are among those in three states with plans to roll out or approve proposed sports betting rules in the next two weeks the Wyoming Gaming Commission has rules approval on its June 8 agenda, and the Washington State Gambling Commission on Thursday announced a special meeting, also on June 8, to roll out proposed regulations.

Full story here.

Virginia Is For Bettors: Analyzing The Early Returns For A New Sports Betting State

Virginia, which took its first regulated sports wagers on Jan. 21, is poised when May figures are released to set the record for the fastest state to reach $1 billion in betting handle.

There are an assortment of asterisks making this possible, including when Virginia launched (in 2021, when legal sports betting awareness was far higher than it had been in states that launched in 2018 or 2019) and how it launched (with online wagering first, as compared to other states that banked mediocre retail numbers initially).

Still, Virginia took in $865.2 million in bets in its first three-plus months and is a lock to surpass the billion-dollar mark in its fifth month, breaking a record currently held by Tennessee, which hit 10 digits in its sixth month of regulated action.

Full story here.

Illinois On Verge of Removing Carveout For Sports Betting On In-State Schools

It went to overtime, and then a little longer after that. But bettors in Illinois are close to being able to make legal wagers on games involving in-state teams with a few conditions.

SB 521 passed in the House Tuesday with a three-fifths majority required since it did not come to a vote prior to midnight. Rep. Bob Rita, who is one of the primary drivers of gaming laws in the state, navigated the bill through three Executive Committee votes Monday and brought the bill to the House floor shortly before 1 a.m. local time after a fourth amendment was approved.

Full story here.

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SportsHandle: That was the week that was in US sports betting - SBC Americas

A federal judge in Washington is set to decide whether to dismiss a case on behalf of protesters who claim they were injured during the June 1, 2020, protests around Lafayette Park next to the White House. In the course of the arguments, one lawyer stood out in insisting that the use of tear gas against the protesters was entirely reasonable.

What was so striking is that the lawyer,Richard Sobiecki, represents the D.C. governmentof Mayor Muriel BowserMuriel BowserHogan announces Maryland will close mass vaccination sites, shift to local clinics Biden and Bowser administrations change their tunes on last summer's riot response Pride Month organizers to draw attention to anti-transgender laws MORE, who condemned the federal government for its clearing of the area and alleged use of tear gas. Much of the medialionized Bowser for her stanceat the time. She received national acclaim for painting Black Lives Matter on the street next to the park and renaming it Black Lives Matter Plaza.

Now, one year later, Bowser is keeping the BLM plaza but opposing the BLM protesters. Her administration insisted in court that the protesters were legitimately teargassed by the metropolitan police to enforce her curfew that night.

After the park clearing, the media uniformly denounced then-Attorney General Bill Barr for ordering the park to be cleared so that President TrumpDonald TrumpTrump touts record, blasts Dems in return to stage Trump demands China pay 'reparations' for role in coronavirus pandemic Trump endorses Rep. Ted Budd for Senate MORE could hold his controversial photo op in front of the St. Johns Church. The accounts in virtually every news report were quickly contradicted, but few reporters acknowledged the later facts coming out of federal agencies. As I noted in mytestimony to Congresson the protest, the clearing of the park raised serious legal questions, particularly the unjustified use of force that night.

However, the repeated claim that Barr ordered the clearing of the area for the photo op was never supported and quickly contradicted.The plan to clear the park was set long before there was any discussion of the photo op, and it was based on the threat posed to the White House compound. Barr said he was unaware of any planned photo op when he approved the plan and that the delay in implementing it was due to the late arrival of needed personnel and fencing. Nevertheless, legal experts like University of Texas professor and CNN contributor Steve Vladeckcontinued to claim thatBarr ordered federal officers "to forcibly clear protestors in Lafayette Park to achieve a photo op for Trump.

The media has also stressed that the clearing and the force used were unjustified because the protests were entirely peaceful and there was no attack on the White House. That is untrue. As discussed in my testimony, an exceptionally high number of officers were injured during days of continuing protests around the White House complex;some 150 officers were injured, half of those around the White House. That is similar to the level of injuries during the Jan. 6 riot at the U.S. Capitol.And, as with the Capitol riot, authorities decided that a perimeter had to be established around the White House last summer. Indeed, they used the same type of fencing, although the White House perimeter was much smaller than at the Capitol.

While there was less violence that night a year ago, the rioting included the burning of a historic structure, extensive property damage nearby, and the attempted burning of historic St. Johns Church. Indeed, the violence led the Secret Service to move the president into the White House bunker, and officers said they were concerned that the complex might be breached.

That brings us back to the new admission from the D.C. government.

There has long been a dispute as to whether the federal operation employed tear gas. The federal government has maintained that it used pepper balls. As I stated in my congressional testimony, the distinction is really not significant, practically or legally; pepper balls and tear gas can have the same effect on protesters, and both are often referenced together in court orders as non-lethal riot control devices.

However, as this debate over the denial of tear gas by the federal operation raged, neither Bowser nor her government stepped forward to say that D.C.s Metropolitan Police used tear gas in their operations a block or so from Lafayette Park. Instead, Bowser denounced the force used by the Trump administration, including the use of tear gas.

Now, with Trump out of the White House, Bowsers administration insists there was nothing unreasonable in the use of tear gas to enforce a curfew and is asking the court to dismiss the lawsuit by protesters, including Black Lives Matter DC. The media that spent the past year denouncing the Trump administration over its alleged use of tear gas seems largely silent as Bowsers administration claims its own use of force was reasonable.

The federal government still apparently denies using tear gas. D.C. police admit to using tear gas nearby to enforce Bowsers curfew, but she has long insisted that the district did not assist in clearing Lafayette Park, which began before the curfew.

U.S. District Judge Dabney Friedrich now must decide if the clearing of the park was done for Trump's photo op or, as federal agencies claim, to protect the White House as a national security priority.

After the Lafayette Park operation, Bowser declared that if you are like me, you saw something that you hoped you would never see in the United States of America.Now, her government is arguing not only that the protesters claims should be dismissed but that the district did and can continue to use tear gas in such situations, even to enforce a curfew.

In the meantime, the Biden administration agrees that the case should be dismissed entirely. The Department of Justice (DOJ) maintains that Presidential security is a paramount government interest that weighs heavily in the Fourth Amendment balance. The DOJs counsel, John Martin, added that federal officers do not violate First Amendment rights by moving protesters a few blocks, even if the protesters are predominantly peaceful.

The response to that from the media has been crickets.

What a difference a year and a new president can make.

Jonathan Turley is the Shapiro Professor of Public Interest Law at George Washington University. You can find his updates on Twitter@JonathanTurley.

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Biden and Bowser administrations change their tunes on last summer's riot response | TheHill - The Hill

Last month, the U.S. Supreme Court held that police may not enter a private home without a search warrant to perform a community caretaking function. The Justices were unanimous in reaching this conclusion, though several concurred to clarify their points of view. One could understand the Justices as manifesting an unusual respect for privacy. I would instead read the decision as suggesting a somewhat different and more radical shift. The message of Defund the Police appears to have gotten through to our Supreme Court, perhaps without their fully realizing it.

In Caniglia v. Strom, the story began with Edward Caniglia placing a handgun on his dining room table and asking his wife to shoot him. His wife left the house and spent the night at a hotel, but she became worried the next morning when she was unable to reach her husband by phone. She called the police, and they accompanied her back to her house, where she found her husband on the porch, apparently unharmed. The police encouraged him to go for a psychiatric evaluation, which he agreed to do if they promised not to seize his guns from inside the house. Once Caniglia had left, however, the police entered the home and seized his weapons. Caniglia later sued the police for violating his Fourth Amendment rights when they entered the house and seized his property without a warrant and without consent.

The police and many court-watchers had assumed prior to this case that when police want to check on someones wellbeing, they are performing a community caretaking function and could legally enter the home without a warrant. In one Supreme Court case, Cady v. Dombrowski, police were able to look around inside a car that had been in an accident, under a community caretaking rationale.

Unlike other exceptions to the warrant requirement, however, it is unclear what the warrant application would have had to say in Caniglias case if police had first sought one. His wife was not reporting a crime, owning firearms is not necessarily criminal, and having been suicidally depressed violates no criminal law such that police might need to look for evidence of it. Once Caniglia had left for a psychiatric evaluation, it is hard to know what sort of probable cause the police had to authorize them to obtain a warrant for entering the home and seizing the mans guns. If a person is a danger to himself, then he might be subject to civil commitment, under Addington v. Texas, if the government can prove his mental illness and his danger to himself by clear and convincing evidence. But even attempted suicide is no longer a crime, as it once was, so the Fourth Amendment might limit what police could do at the investigative phase.

The police officers community caretaking function, at least as a broad category, falls outside the scope of typical police officer activity of the sort that rests on probable cause, with or without a warrant. It is the kind of conduct unrelated to conventional or core law enforcement responsibilities. And that is precisely what many people mean to remove from police jurisdiction and to invest in nonviolent alternatives when they press for defunding the police. They want the police to stop performing functions unrelated to criminal justice and to law and order. They argue that we should not be paying police officers to force themselves into peoples lives to address non-criminal problems.

Several Justices wrote separately to qualify the majority opinion and say that police may well have the authority, consistent with the Fourth Amendment, to enter homes without a warrant if a true health emergency presents itself. Justice Alito, for example, maintained that permissible community caretaking by the police could include conducting a search or seizure for the purpose of preventing a person from committing suicide. And if neighbors of a resident worry that the resident is in urgent need of medical attention and cannot summon help, Justice Alito strongly implied that he would view a warrantless entry to check on the residents condition as legitimate and lawful under the Fourth Amendment. Justice Kavanaugh, going further, said that police officers may enter a home without a warrant in circumstances where they are reasonably trying to prevent a potential suicide or help an elderly person who has been out of contact and may have fallen and suffered a serious injury.

Notably, however, the various concurring opinions limiting the impact of the unanimous majority amounted to only four votes: the Chief Justice, Justice Breyer, Justice Alito, and Justice Kavanaugh. The reservation of some community caretaking for policesuicidality and checking on a neighbor specificallythus remains uncertain. In keeping with this uncertainty, just yesterday, the Supreme Court granted, vacated, and remanded (GVRed) in Sanders v. United States, in light of Caniglia. GVRs generally indicate that a recent decision plainly dictates the result in the remanded case. Accordingly, yesterdays GVR suggests that Caniglia and its potential to defund the police is not a fact-bound and narrow one-off. To be sure, Justice Kavanaugh wrote separately, concurring in the GVR, to suggest ways in which the lower court might resolve the remanded case in favor of the governments authority to enter without a warrant. But this resistance may signal its own opposite as powerfully as the Courts failure to either hear the new case on the merits or simply deny certiorari without comment.

Returning to Caniglia itself, what surprised me as a reader was the assumption by the various concurrences that if police, an armed and quasi-military body, cannot enter a home to help a resident, then no one will be able to assist the resident. It does not even seem to occur to any of the four who wrote or joined a separate concurrence that perhaps a social worker, someone experienced in investigating reports of child neglect and perhaps trained in mental health or geriatric needs, could offer superior intervention to whats on offer from a police officer trained primarily to investigate crime. Defunding the police here could mean a reallocation of responsibilities so that more qualified people enter homes to help someone who is not a criminal suspect or a suspected victim of crime. The unanimous majority, coupled with only a minority wanting to reserve these jobs for law enforcement, could require such reallocation.

If we consider some of the cases in which police have used deadly force on unarmed civilians, we see the cost of sending cops to where their expertise does not extend. A study called Overlooked in the Undercounted: the Role of Mental Illness in Fatal Law Enforcement Encounters explains that although untreated mentally ill adults make up only 2% of the population, they make up a quarter of all fatal police encounters and are also sixteen times more likely to be killed during a police encounter than other civilians approached or stopped by police. It would seem imperative that someone trained in helping the mentally ill be the one involved in providing such help.

Reflecting such thinking, the city of Austin, Texas, created a mental health option for 9-1-1 callers. Such a move might save lives, in light of what too often happens when armed police show up at a home after a 9-1-1 call by the family member of a mentally ill individual. People trained in interacting with those who have mental disorders are unlikely to use (or even to have the option of using) deadly force against a person suffering a psychotic episode that precludes his putting his hands in the air or otherwise demonstrating submission to police.

Even if some of the same people (i.e., police officers) are involved in responding to mental health-related emergency calls, those peoplein keeping with sociologist Erving Goffmans dramaturgical theory of behaviorwill occupy a different role and thus behave differently in the presence of challenging behavior. Goffman viewed people as more like actors on a stage than stable characters who always behave the same way in every situation. Austin, Texas, may provide a natural experiment for this theory because many of the people who will be responding to 9-1-1 mental health calls are the same police officers who might have once responded to such calls in the role of law-and-order official. The difference is that with the new option, the officers will arrive on the scene wearing their social worker hats rather than reaching for their guns.

With the U.S. Supreme Courts decision denying police the authority to perform a community caretaking function by entering a home without a warrant to seize a potentially suicidal persons weapons, we might see cities besides Austin reassigning non-criminal police work to people wearing the mental health worker hat. In effectively defunding the police, the Court will eventually have to clarify what non-police actors must do to comply with the Fourth Amendment as they carry out community caretaking functions. A warrant, based upon probable cause to believe one will find evidence of crime or criminals in a private home, seems ill-suited to such functions.

Let us hope that either the Supreme Court or cities like Austin continue to contract the category of situations in which police have the authority to enter a home, guns drawn. It would be a pleasant surprise if the Roberts Court led the way in defunding the police.

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The U.S. Supreme Court Takes a Step toward Defunding the Police - Justia Verdict

Here we go again. The corporate influence on elections and public policies is again in the news.

The 2021 version centers on major corporations speaking out against proposed and passed voter-suppression laws in Georgia and elsewhere.

When some corporations suspended contributions to Republican politicians who voted against certifying Bidens election, the GOP expressed outrage that corporations dared to take political positions against them.

The GOP simultaneously bemoaned the prospect that the tsunami of corporate campaign contributions might be cut off or reduced. Just shut up and donate, was the message from Mitch McConnell.

My warning to corporate America is to stay out of politics, but Im not talking about political contributions, he stated in response to Coca-Cola, Delta Airlines and other national and transnational corporations that criticized new voter-suppression laws across the country. This is a brand new same old story.

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Remember the Supreme Courts 2010 Citizens United decision, which entrenched the notion that money is First Amendment protected free speech? This ruling allowed individuals and corporations to legally spend vast amounts of money in elections, much of it on attack ads targeting candidates on issues the funders oppose.

This decision incensed the public, which feared that the megaphone of mega money would drown out the voices of the vast majority of individuals who dont make big donations.

Here we are again. The public is justly critical of the massive hypocrisy displayed by Mitch and his GOP cohorts who welcome the cascade of corporate and CEO cash, while simultaneously expressing indignation when their corporate donors express political free speech opinions the GOP does not like.

Recall that the GOP did not attack corporate so-called free speech rights when corporations released press statements supporting the 2017 tax cut legislation for corporations and the wealthy.

As with Citizens United, the hypocritical application of the court invented so-called corporate free speech rights invites us to expose and abolish the totality and illegitimacy of anti-democratic corporate constitutional rights.

But even if corporate political free speech rights is abolished, corporate entities will still possess other century-old Supreme Court-invented anti-democratic constitutional rights that shield them from public accountability, and gives them undue political power and ensures that corporate profits preempt the rights of individuals, communities and even the natural world.

Among these never-intended corporate constitutional rights:

First Amendment right not to speak used to overturn state laws requiring the labeling of a dangerous ingredient on food products and chemicals determined to cause cancer.

Fourth Amendment search and seizure rights used to prevent surprise inspections of corporate property, even routine inspections, removing the ability of inspectors to detect dangerous conditions (food contamination, dangerous working conditions) before they are temporarily removed or covered up.

Fifth Amendment takings rights used to overturn public regulations that protect private property from corporate actions. Fossil fuel corporations would undoubtedly challenge laws to keep fossil fuels in the ground to prevent impending climate collapse as a taking of corporate property without just compensation.

Fourteenth Amendment equal protection rights used to overturn laws providing protection to local businesses (and local economies) over chain stores, and due process rights used to overturn over 200 state and federal economic regulations.

The corporate hijacking of these constitutional amendments provide business corporations overwhelming unaccountable power to overturn democratically enacted laws at every level of government.

The solution is the We the People Amendment (HJR 48), recently introduced by Rep. Pramila Jayapal, D-Wash., with 56 House co-sponsors. The constitutional amendment would abolish both the money equals speech and corporate constitutional rights doctrines.

Its a response to the fundamental truth that solutions must be equivalent in scale to problems, which in this case are the massive corrupting influences of money in elections from the super rich and corporate control over so many aspects of our lives, as well as plundering of the natural world.

Corporations shouldnt be allowed to meddle in elections. Its up to human persons to fundamentally define what our legal creations can and cannot do. Enactment of the We the People Amendment is a necessary and urgent step toward authentic democracy for all people. Support HJR 48 by calling your congressman and senator today!

Lorraine Reich is a member of Move to Amend, Nevada County.

Continue reading here:
Lorraine Reich: It's more than corporate money in elections - The Union of Grass Valley

This article is part of the Policing and Technology Project, a collaboration between Future Tense and the Tech, Law, & Security Program at American University Washington College of Law that examines the relationship between law enforcement, police reform, and technology.

The police show up to your house. Its the middle of the night, you are disoriented, and they want to know where you were earlier in the day. You have no idea at that moment that your ex-girlfriend was found dead, and some of your fingerprints were found at her housebut you do know you have the right to remain silent. Until the cops bring out the headset.

One of the hallmarks of the U.S. Constitution is the enumerated right of citizens to not be coerced into self-incrimination or be allowed to take the Fifth. But new technologies may one day be able to read your mind to varying degrees, rendering your decision to stay silent moot. While current devices merely collect data such as brain activity, labs are working on revolutionary devices that can record thoughts or allow for telepathic communication. They may be years or decades away, but they are worth thinking about now. As the courts seem to be moving toward allowing more and more personal data to be used as evidence. This data may eventually be both a window into mind and a side-step to Fifth Amendment protection.

Brain-computer interface devices are poised to become an integral treatment for diseases of the nervous system, by restoring brain function, mapping the brain, and enhancing cognitive function. These devices function through direct communication between the signals from a persons brain and an external computer. Some BCI devices are already on the market, though they are more quotidian: Muse, for instance, offers a wearable EEG device to aid in meditation, already have devices on market. Elon Musks Neuralink and Synchrons Stentrode, which both aim to return motor function to patients with neuromuscular conditions such as paralysis, are working on more invasive interventions, which would require surgery for implantation. Neuralink is designing a robot-driven brain surgery, while Synchron will be implanted via the patients blood vessels. Both have received breakthrough status from the FDA, meaning they will have an accelerated regulatory review process.

Eventually, BCIs could allow paralyzed people to walk, use their arms to get dressed, or communicate verbally. Should that happen, these devices will have unprecedented access to the human mind and even an individuals thoughts themselves. Though there are lots of ifs here and neural data is very noisy and hard to decode, studies have shown that synthetic speech can be generated from brain recordings.

And we have seen in the past, medical advancements can make their way into the criminal justice system, battering the boundaries of the Fifth Amendment. While it is easy to recognize verbal self-incrimination, it quickly becomes more complex once your mouth is no longer forming words. For example, if the police pull you over and ask whether you have been drinking, you may invoke the Fifth Amendment and decline to answer. However, the Fifth Amendment does not protect you from submitting to a field sobriety test and blood samples, even though they are ostensibly incriminating information gathered from the suspect. In some states, declining such a test can be treated as admission of guilt. This line of reasoning has now been applied to our cellphones and the ways they can be unlocked. For example, though you cannot be compelled to offer up your password to open your phone in most of the U.S., in many jurisdictions you may be forced to use your fingerprint or facial scan to do so. Why? Courts have reasoned that this is no different than a blood sample or left-behind fingerprint. Here, this becomes a simple reduction to what you know versus what you have. That distinction is likely to blur as technology develops.

On one hand, forcing a person to unlock a cellphone with a fingerprint seems vastly more invasive than finding a forgotten fingerprint theyve left behind. However, if we dont allow room for entry into the device in some fashion, that will only precipitate the creation of powerful technologies to access locked devices, which criminals may be able to use as easily as law enforcement. After the San Bernardino shootings in 2015, the FBI had a warrant to enter the deceased suspects iPhonebut no method of entry, as they had no passcode. Apple intentionally has not developed backdoor entry into its devices, which wipe themselves after 10 failed login attempts. Here, if not for federal hackers, this lawful evidence would have been lost forever. This ability to use the Fifth Amendment to intentionally hamstring the fourth amendment is also problematic.

To deal with this concern, the Supreme Court has developed a foregone conclusion test to apply to such cases. It says that if the state can demonstrate that it already knows what is on the device, it may compel the owner to provide the password or other means of entry. Unfortunately, this standard is vague. Courts vary in how narrowly or broadly they apply it, leaving behind disjointed rulings. These disjointed opinions are often the outcome of cases dealing with both the Fifth and Fourth Amendments, search and seizure.The Supreme Court can choose to hear cases that resulted in split decisions, but when the chance came to offer clarity on these questions in Jones v. Massachusetts in 2019, it refused to hear the case, so it will be some time before we have any resolution.

But the problem goes even deeper, as the actual invasion into the mind may not be necessary if the data is being collected in real time by a third party. In many instances this kind of medical data as fallen outside of self-incrimination discussions all together, being easily categorized as evidence and not testimony. Recently, a judge ruled pacemaker data admissible to demonstrate the defendants heart rate at time of a crime. The court reasoned that there was far more sensitive information than heart rate in the human body. However, as the heart rate is controlled by a nervous system response, one could also argue this is a rough look into the mind of the defendant. Is your nervous systems response at the time of a crime as simple as a left behind fingerprint? The courts have not established a clear demarcation between the mind and the body, which will be paramount for dealing with issues surrounding BCIs and self-incrimination. Here a basic protection for data collected from thoughts would provide a safeguard for cognitive liberty. Otherwise, we are left with loopholes that allow the state to have access to our most personal thoughts and motivations, which seems starkly against the spirit of the Fifth Amendment.

Moreover, as these BCI devices will save data, perhaps the Fifth Amendment will become less relevantafter all, companies will be holding onto treasure troves of neural data available for search under the Fourth Amendment. If the data is stored on a third-party device, such as a health app, it is not protected by the Fourth Amendmentunder the third-party doctrine, once you voluntarily give your information to, say, a company that provides a service, you waive any expectation of privacy and as such the state may have access. This guideline is commonly applied to phone records, but is it the standard we want in place with complex neural devices?

We need to create some new privacy rules for the 21st century that catch up to technologies new ability to assess not just our bodies but our minds. We should update the third-party doctrine so that cognitive data has more protections. Courts will inevitably have to interpret and apply more tests based on it, but they need a floor to work from in order to create more coherent and united opinions. If we do nothing, the Fifth Amendment could be weakened until its inevitable death.

Future Tense is a partnership of Slate, New America, and Arizona State University that examines emerging technologies, public policy, and society.

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If Police Have Devices That Can Read Your Mind, How Does the Fifth Amendment Fit In? - Slate