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When you move across borders from your country to another country, you need to have certain legal documents and follow defined immigration laws of the destination country.

If you move into the country without the necessary legal documents or violates the immigration laws, then you will have committed illegal immigration. You will be termed as an illegal migrant.

So, Illegal immigration is the movement of foreign nationals into a country without requisite legal documents or in any way that flouts the destination countrys immigration laws.

Illegal immigration can occur for a number of reasons, and its effects are wide-ranging. In this article, we explore the various causes of illegal immigration and also look at some of its major impacts.

Lets dive in.

There are numerous reasons as to why people move to foreign countries without following the proper channels, these are the most common reasons:

Lately, developing countries have embraced measures to liberalize trade in the spirit of pursuing the benefits of globalization.

However, rapid opening of domestic markets could result in the displacement of large numbers of unskilled workers, who are highly likely to seek employment and better living standards through illegal immigration.

Past events have shown that increases in poverty, particularly when associated with ongoing crises, can raise the likelihood of illegal immigration.

A good example is the 1994 economic crisis after the establishment of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This crisis was associated with pervasive poverty and a lower valuation for the Mexican peso against the U.S. dollar.

The economic crisis saw the number of illegal Mexican migrants in the U.S. increase annually from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s. Natural disasters and overpopulation are other common causes of poverty-driven illegal immigration.

You could be a legal resident or naturalized citizen of a country and you are looking to bring your loved ones into the country legally.

In this case, you may need to apply for reunification visas. However, these visas are normally limited in number and subject to annual quotas. Consequently, your loved ones may be forced to enter the destination country illegally to be reunited with you.

Overpopulation occurs when population growth outstrips the carrying capacity of an area. Human population explosions can lead to problems such as water shortages, pollution, and poverty. These problems may cause people to flee their homeland to foreign countries illegally.

For example, most illegal immigrants coming to the U.S. are from Mexico. Mexico has a poor economy and the drug cartels in the country are known to kill at least 80,000 people every year.

Conversely, the U.S. enjoys a relatively more stable economy and a safe environment. That is what attracts the Mexicans.

Illegal immigration could be caused by the need to flee from a war-torn or repressive country. However, if you escape such a situation, you will not be termed as an undocumented or illegal migrant in most countries.

If you apply for asylum in the destination country and are granted refugee status you will have the right to stay permanently. If the country denies you any kind of legal protection statues, then you may be forced to leave the country.

Another option is to stay as an illegal migrant. And thats how illegal immigration comes in. Lets now look at the effects of illegal immigration

The effects of illegal immigration may come out as positive or negative depending on how you look at them. Here are some of the major effects:

Illegal immigrants normally use the public services such as health facilities, public schools, transportation, parks and every other public utility you can think of. However, they dont pay taxes for the building and maintenance of these utilities.

Illegal immigrants are normally desperate for a source of income and dont mind working for less pay. Hence, employers in the destination country dont have to hire workers whom they must pay the standard rates.

Moreover, illegal workers can take up just about any kind of work as long it guarantees a steady income. It doesnt matter how hard or hazardous it is.

Conversely, citizens of most destination countries, especially the U.S., are normally choosy. They also dont hesitate to file lawsuits or workers compensation in case of an injury or perceived injustice. Illegal immigrants cant sue and hardly complain about work-related issues.

In light of the fact that illegal immigrants are usually ready to work on lowest pay, they take away jobs meant for locals. You should also be alive to the fact that all natives deserve the jobs before legal or undocumented immigrants.

While employers are normally happy about this situation, it can be frustrating to citizens who cant find reasonably paying jobs.

Employing illegal immigrants means the employer gets away without paying requisite taxes. This leads to significant savings. And consumers could end up enjoying cheaper products and services, thanks to lowers costs of production.

That sounds like a positive impact. However, the loss of tax revenue could undermine government programs.

Without the tax money that employers should remit for jobs held by illegal immigrants, government projects that are beneficial to all of us may end up stalling. That hurts everyone to benefit a few.

The pursuit of better quality life is the primary cause of illegal immigration. This is mostly achieved through employment in the destination country. And the desperation for employment drives illegal migrants to work in dangerous industries such as construction and agriculture.

Moreover, illegal workers have limited ability to uphold safety at work, thanks to the complex web of consequences that shroud illegal migrant status.

Besides the physical dangers that illegal immigrants are exposed to at work, the choice to move across borders in search of employment normally entails work-related lifestyle factors that affect the physical, social, and mental well-being of immigrants and their loved ones.

While most of the illegal immigrants are only looking for employment opportunities, there is a good number among them that are involved in criminal activities.

The MS-13 gang, which comprised of Central American immigrants, is a good example of illegal immigrant turned criminals. In fact, it has been christened the most dangerous gang in the world.

Without proper monitoring of those who are entering a country illegally, criminals and terrorists could also find their way into the country. This creates danger for law-abiding residents. Moreover, it is not easy to track and prosecute illegal criminals.

Many people are keen to follow the right procedures for immigration. However, they could decide to take shortcuts if they are convinced that it is possible, and perhaps even more rewarding, to get into the country illegally.

Bottom Line

Foreign nationals require permission from the destination country before they can come in and stay. Violation of the countrys defined immigration laws would render them illegal migrants. Illegal immigration is caused by many factors, including poverty, overpopulation, trade liberalization, and wars in countries of origin. It can have serious impacts on the economy of the destination country as well as on the lives of the illegal migrants themselves.

Sonia is a High School Graduate and Runs the Writing and Editing Team for EarthEclipse.com. She is Extremely Passionate about Environment, Technology and Computing.

See the article here:
Causes and Effects of Illegal Immigration | Earth Eclipse

Earlier this week, we published apost on how there was no relationship between the spread of notifiable diseases in the United States and immigrant populations. Prior to the COVID-19 crisis, several commentators were concerned that immigrants especially illegal immigrants were spreading serious diseases like measles. This is afollow up post focusing on measles specifically, which is one notifiable disease. Alegitimate role of immigration policy is to limit the international spread of contagious diseases like measles. However, its also important to note the extent of this problem by showing that immigrants do not threaten ameasles outbreak.

Methods

Like our earlier post, here we test correlation between the incidence of measles and statelevel immigrant population shares for the 20102018 period. We use annual, statelevel measles data from the CDCs National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), which reports the number of nationally notifiable infectious diseases and conditions by state and year. Anotifiable disease is one where the CDC states that regular, frequent, and timely information regarding individual cases is considered necessary for the prevention and control of the disease. In addition to other vaccinations, the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services requires avaccination against measles to legally immigrate to the United States.

Foreignborn population data at the state level comes from the American Community Survey (ACS) provided by IPUMS. From the raw ACS microdata, we are able to use the residual technique refined by Christian Gunadi to specifically identify legal and illegal immigrants.

Results

To test whether states with higher immigrant shares experience higher measles infection rates, we run atwoway fixed effects regression to estimate the correlation between the measles rate per 100,000 people and the share of immigrants in astate. The regressions use state and year fixed effects and the standard errors are clustered at the state level. Table 1shows the results of the regressions. They are all statistically insignificant except a1 percent increase in the share of astates illegal immigrant population is correlated with 0.06 fewer cases of disease per 100,000 state residents at the 5percent level. Although significant, thats avery small magnitude. There is no relationship between the share of astates population that is foreignborn and the rate of measles per 100,000 residents. There is also no relationship between the legal immigrant share of astates population and the rate of disease per 100,000 residents.

Figure 1shows the lack of arelationship between the immigrant share of the population and the incidence of measles infections on the state level. Figure 2shows the relationship between the illegal immigrant share of state populations and the incidence of these reportable diseases. The Yaxes on both graphs dont line up exactly because they are the measles values fitted with the state and year fixed effects.

Originally posted here:
There Is No Connection Between Measles Infections and Immigrants in the United States - Cato Institute

President Donald Trump answers a question from CNNs chief White House correspondent Jim Acosta during the coronavirus response daily briefing at the White House, April 10, 2020.(Jim Acosta/Reuters)

Years ago I wrote a piece in these pages about how mass immigration was an immutable value of the Left. (I wanted to call it Immigration Uber Alles, but Kathryn demurred.) The point was that when any other issue or constituency favored by the Left came into conflict with mass immigration, immigration always won out.

A new statement from Jeff Sessions puts this hypothesis to a test.

Sessions will face off July 14 against former football coach Tommy Tuberville for the Republican nomination to challenge incumbent Democratic senator Doug Jones. President Trump has opposed Sessions and endorsed Tuberville in the ugly and graceless fashion that is his hallmark. But the delay in the runoff caused by the Wuhan coronavirus and the issues raised by the virus have shifted the momentum to Sessions. (The candidates are neck-and-neck in fundraising, and Sessions has more money in the bank.)

One of those issues is the continued importation of foreign workers, and the accommodation of temporary foreign workers already here, at a time when 22 million people have filed for unemployment in the past four weeks.

In response, Sessions today released a statement calling for a moratorium on employment-based immigration until the U.S. unemployment rate goes back down below 3.5%, where it was in February.

This presents something of a problem for Tuberville, a go-along-to-get-along, Chamber of Commerce Republican whos happy to talk about the border wall but favors increased immigration and a guestworker amnesty for illegal aliens (and also doesnt think we should focus too much on ChiCom perfidy regarding the current pandemic). Tuberville will probably just keep hiding, in the hopes that Trumps endorsement will be enough to pull him over the finish line, so he can join the like-minded Lindsey Graham and Tom Tillis in the Senate.

But this presents a golden opportunity for the White House press corps to try to embarrass the president, which is the raison detre of much of the elite media, and to separate him from his supporters. Jim Acosta, for instance, could ask something along the lines of:

Mr. President, Jeff Sessions, whom you have opposed, has called for a moratorium on all employment-based immigration until the jobless rate returns to its pre-virus levels. Do you support his call for a moratorium, or do you support the continued arrival of foreign workers while 22 million Americans have filed for unemployment?

The president would either have to oppose Sessionss proposal and support the importation of foreign labor at a time of Great Depression-level unemployment, or support it, prompting an alert reporter to follow up by asking, Then why havent you stopped it, using the statutory authority recently upheld by the Supreme Court in the travel ban case?

Trump might well be able to shoot someone on Fifth Avenue and not lose his voters, but mouthing swamp platitudes about jobs Americans wont do in the current environment might be a bridge too far.

But I dont expect this to happen. The Left, including its news organs, hates the president, its true. But highlighting Sessionss call for a moratorium on new foreign labor would not only publicize immigration skepticism, but also normalize it as an acceptable part of public discourse. And that cannot be allowed.

The smart money is always on elite support for mass immigration. Not even hatred of Trump can trump it.

See original here:
Does the Medias Hatred of Trump Trump Its Devotion to Mass Immigration? - National Review

By Jeremy L. Neufeld

The COVID-19 pandemic is spreading and will it likely has already put the economy into recession. Our immigration system is poorly designed for immigrants to weather this kind of crisis. Unless the administration and Congress make immediate policy changes, many legal immigrants and guest workers will lose their status and be required to leave the country, devastating families, but also thereby endangering public health, retarding economic recovery, and increasing illegal immigration.

The American immigration system adds many more people to the green card queue each year than it grants green cards. The result is an ever-expanding green card backlog and ever-lengthening waiting times. We at the Niskanen Center have been critical of this bottleneck in normal times, but the fallout from COVID-19 makes the existing and impending backlog disastrous.

A high-skilled workers pathway to a green card is arduous enough in normal circumstances. An H-1B visa allows them to work for up to six years, during which time their employer can petition for an employment-based immigrant visa. If that petition is approved, then the immigrant must wait patiently, renewing their H-1B in three-year increments until a green card becomes available for them.[1] This waiting period takes many years on average even decades for certain immigrants from countries affected by per-country caps.

While in this holding pattern, the immigrant must retain their H-1B status in order to get their green card, even if the coronavirus makes doing so difficult or impossible.

Using the most recent data available from U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Serviceson approved I-140 petitions and economic projections from the St. Louis Fed, a back-of-the-envelope calculation suggests that as many as 125,000 legal immigrants already working in the United States may fall out of status and be forced to return home because of the coronavirus by the end of June.[2] More than a quarter of those will have been waiting in line for over a decade for a green card. If we included H-1B holders who may intend to become permanent residents, but who do not yet have approved immigrant petitions, the total number of would-be legal immigrants working here who may lose status and have to depart would likely more than double to over a quarter of a million.[3]

These immigrants have spent years and even decades building their lives and setting down roots in the United States, following the arduous road laid out by our immigration laws. The harms extend beyond their own futures. Family separation will result as U.S. citizen children are forced to stay behind because of COVID-19 travel bans in the home countries of their parents. People will be forced to choose between becoming illegal immigrants by overstaying their visas or endangering public health by violating social distancing in departing. When recovery can finally start, businesses and teams who relied on the talents of these individuals will be handicapped.

There are rapid regulatory policy changes that can be made to avert this looming disaster, including that:

The coronavirus is set to leave permanent scars on our country. Temporary changes to immigration policy can help make sure we dont add to them unnecessarily.

[1] Terminological note: Legally speaking, USCIS would designate these individuals as nonimmigrants until they receive a green card. However, under any normal usage, a long-term resident, present in the country, intending to stay permanently, with an approved immigrant petition is an immigrant.

[2] This very rough estimate makes the simplifying assumption that unemployment among H-1B workers would be the same as for the general population, and that H-1B workers would be unable to transfer to another H-1B eligible job within the 60 days necessary to retain status.

[3] While there is no publicly available data on the total number of H-1B workers working in the United States or how many H-1B workers have immigrant intent, we use three years of initial petitions (H-1Bs last for an initial period of three years) and then apply the same assumption about unemployment as above. While many H-1B workers may not in fact have immigrant intent, this figure is still likely to be an underestimate because it does not include any of those who have extended their H-1B status but do not have an approved I-140.

More:
How the Coronavirus Will Kick Legal Immigrants Out of Line and Out of the Country - Niskanen Center

The international spread of the SARSCoV2 virus that causes the disease COVID-19 has prompted many governments to close their borders. Immigration policy plays an important rolein limiting the international spread of contagious diseases.

Prior to the COVID-19 crisis, several commentators were concerned that immigrants especially illegal immigrants were spreading serious diseases in the United States. This blog post is the first in aseries to answer the question of whether immigrants spread serious notifiable diseases other than COVID-19in the United States. This post focuses on all pooled notifiable diseases for which there are vaccination requirements to enter the United States.

Methods

This post tests the correlation between the incidence of notifiable diseases and immigrant population shares on the state level for the 20102018 period. We use annual, statelevel data on notifiable disease cases from the CDCs National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), which reports the number of nationally notifiable infectious diseases and conditions by state and year. Anotifiable disease is one where the CDC states that regular, frequent, and timely information regarding individual cases is considered necessary for the prevention and control of the disease.

Numerous diseases are reported to the CDC, but this post focuses on diseases that the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) and CDC require vaccination for prior to immigration. USCIS requires vaccination for mumps, measles, rubella, polio, tetanus, diphtheria toxoids, pertussis, haemophilius influenza type B, and hepatitis B. The CDC requires vaccination for hepatitis B, varicella, seasonal influenza, pneumococcal pneumonia, rotavirus, hepatitis A, and meningococcal disease.

Data for the foreignborn population on the statelevel comes from the American Community Survey (ACS) provided by IPUMS. From the raw ACS microdata, we can identify immigrants by their nativity, citizenship status, and year of arrival. Afurther strength of the ACS microdata is that we can apply statistical techniques to identify likely illegal immigrants from observed characteristics in the data. Specifically, we use the residual technique of Christian Gunadi to identify illegal immigrants.

Results

To test whether states with higher immigrant shares experience higher rates of notifiable disease, we run atwoway fixed effects regression to estimate the correlation between the rate of disease per 100,000 population and the share of immigrants in astate. The regressions use state and year fixed effects and the standard errors are clustered at the state level.

Table 1shows the results of the regressions. They are all statistically insignificant except a1 percent increase in the share of astates legal immigrant population is correlated with 4.2 fewer cases of disease per 100,000 state residents, which is significant at the 5percent level. There is no relationship between the share of astates population that is foreignborn and the rate of disease per 100,000 residents. There is also no relationship between the illegal immigrant share of astates population and the rate of disease per 100,000 residents.

Figure 1shows the lack of arelationship between the immigrant share of the population and the incidence of these diseases on the state level. Figure 2shows no relationship between the illegal immigrant share of state populations and the incidence of these reportable diseases.

Go here to read the rest:
No Relationship Between Notifiable Diseases and Immigrant Populations - Cato Institute