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A special high-risk charter (SHRC) mission conducted by the United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) will repatriate 161 illegal Indian migrants, including 132 from Haryana and Punjab, on May 19.

The chartered flight run by the ICE air operations, the air transportation arm of the US agency entrusted with the task to remove illegal migrants from American soil, will land on Tuesday evening at Amritsars Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International airport with 76 illegal immigrants from Haryana and 56 from Punjab on board.

As per a US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) communication to New Delhi, these immigrants were in the custody of ICE at detention centres in Texas, Arizona, California, New York and Washington. Most of the detainees from Haryana and Punjab besides Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Kerala and Tamil Nadu were kept in detention at Prairieland Detention Center in Texas.

Haryana officials said they were working out the modalities for quarantining the deportees. (HTPHOTO)

MANDATORY QUARANTINE PROTOCOL

The deportees, as per the standard operating protocol, will have to undergo mandatory 14-day quarantine on their arrival due to the Covid-19 situation. Secretary, NRI Affairs, Punjab, Rahul Bhandari, said deportees from Punjab will be quarantined in their respective districts, while those from Haryana will be quarantined in their home state.

We are trying to tie up with far-off states like Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and will quarantine their deportees if they request us to do so, he added.

Haryana officials said they were working out the modalities for quarantining the deportees.

The SHRC mission is undertaken by ICE to deport individuals who cannot be removed via commercial airlines to locations worldwide, or because of other security concerns or risk factors. An SHRC flight costs about $6,929 (Rs 5.25 lakh) to $26,795 (Rs 20.3 lakh) per flight hour depending on aircraft requirement, according to an ICE statement.

WOMEN, TEENAGERS ON BOARD

DHS records show that among 161 deportees arriving on May 19 at Amritsar, three are women two from Gujarat and one from Maharashtra and three 19-year olds (two from Haryanas Kaithal and Kurukshetra and one from UPs Pilibhit ). Besides, there are at least 15 deportees who are 20 years or less. The oldest deportee is a 59-year-old resident of Hoshiarpur in Punjab.

CROSSOVERS FROM MEXICO

Statistics show that 92 Indian migrants were detained by US Customs and Border Protection personnel in Texas after they illegally crossed into the US from Mexico. There were 21 detentions in New York, 22 in Atlanta and as many in San Francisco.

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High-risk deportation flight with 132 Haryana, Punjab immigrants to land on May 19 - Hindustan Times

The scarcity of labourers has left the door open to the mafia to set up gangmaster rings. The Direzione Investigativa Antimafia, the government agency that fights mafias, says some illegal migrants are forced to work on the black market under the control of both Italians and foreign gangmasters known as "caporali".

"In Italy, irregular workers in the fields are often people who are enslaved, in an inhuman condition, who are denied health care. Gangmastering means crime, it is a mafia," said Bellanova, a 61-year-old former trade union activist who has fought against the gangmaster system since the late 1970s.

Immigration has become an emotional topic in Italy, with populist Matteo Salvini, leader of the League party, saying in February that the virus underlined the need for Italy to close its ports to migrants arriving from North Africa. His 15-month time as interior minister was marked by a sharp increase in anti-immigrant and anti-Islam rhetoric, which paid off in opinion polls.

The depth of those passions was on display on Sunday, when a 24-year-old Italian aid worker, Silvia Romano, who was held hostage in Africa for 18 months, stepped off a plane wearing a green Muslim hijab. Her conversion to Islam prompted threatening social media messages.

An undocumented worker holds her baby as she walks around the migrant neighbourhood in Castel Volturno, near Naples Credit:AP

Politics aside, the new measure driven by Bellanova was born out of necessity and carries an additional benefit - boosting tax revenue at a time when the deficit is widening.

Harvest season is approaching across the nation for vegetables and fruit such as strawberries, peaches, apples, pears, kiwis and, later in the summer tomatoes and grapes.

The 370,000 legal workers who normally arrive from abroad are largely unavailable and may need to face quarantine even if they do come.

Francesco Mutti, chief executive officer of Parma-based Mutti Spa, the Italian tomato-processing company that is the market leader in Europe and sells in 96 countries, is "not particularly worried" about the availability of a workforce in the tomato fields, because his firm requires farmers supplying produce to the company to perform 100% mechanical harvesting.

"Despite that, my concern is related to the shortage in the harvest in Italy expected in the next few months with respect to the demand for tomato products," he said. "Also, there will be effects on the food sector which is facing increased restrictions and safety measures that will weigh on costs and productivity."

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Bellanova says the new government measure is only a start. She's called for the establishment of a digital system to match the supply and demand for agricultural workers.

"A shortage of people for the next harvesting campaigns means that vegetables an fruit are left to rot," Bellanova said. "We risk a price increase while many people's disposable income is eroded, a shameful food waste and huge damage to our economy."

For more articles like this, please visit us at bloomberg.com

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Coronavirus pandemic: illegal immigrants recruited to save the Italian harvest - Sydney Morning Herald

Steven Camarota and Karen Zeigler showed yesterday that the Cato Institute's estimate of 42,000 illegal alien doctors is implausibly high. They didn't address Cato's broader argument that immigration is essential to our healthcare system, so I'll do that here.

Legal or not, many immigrants certainly do work as healthcare professionals in the United States. That should not be surprising in a nation where 17 percent of the labor force is foreign-born. It is also not surprising that immigrants are overrepresented among doctors, given that we have selected for them through the H-1B and J-1 visas.

It does not follow, however, that we would have a terrible shortage of doctors in the absence of past immigration. For one thing, lower immigration would mean a smaller population, and smaller populations need fewer doctors. More to the point, no "shortage" of any workers should develop under a properly functioning labor market. With 280 million native-born individuals and a vast system of higher education, there is no reason that Americans would not have been able to meet the demand for doctors that immigrants gradually filled over the past decades.

Of course, the labor market takes time to adjust. A sudden pandemic could generate a spike in demand for doctors without an immediate supply response. That is the premise of the proposed Healthcare Workforce Resilience Act(S.3599), which would grant permanent residency to 25,000 nurses and 15,000 doctors, plus their families. It's a solution in search of a problem, however, because the spike in demand for healthcare workers has not materialized. On the contrary, demand appears to have fallen.

The table below shows that unemployment rates for healthcare workers have increased since February, which is the last month before Covid-19 hit. This trend is the opposite of what we would expect if there were a dire need for more workers.

Source: Current Population Survey.Occupations limited to sample sizes of at least 100.

At 1.4 percent, the unemployment rate for physicians is still low, but it's up from 0.4 percent, implying no shortage. Registered nurses have an unemployment rate of 4.3 percent, up from 0.9 percent. The less-skilled healthcare occupations have been hit even harder, with the unemployment rate for medical assistants rising from 1.7 percent to 13.6 percent. The decline in demand for health services unrelated to Covid-19 is the likely cause.

Under the Healthcare Workforce Resilience Act, it is unclear which jobs the new doctors and nurses would fill. Even if demand increases in the near future, the Americans who recently lost their jobs would be the obvious source of workers to draw from.

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Importing Doctors Is Not Necessary - Immigration Blog

Are You An Illegal Immigrant?

In the United States, illegal immigration refers to the actof foreign nationals violating American immigration policies and laws throughthe entering or remaining in the country without receiving proper authorizationfrom the Federal Government.You may be termed an illegal immigrant in one of the following threeWays:

Illegally Entering the United States:referred to as Border Crossing Card Violator these individuals enter theUnited States migrate via illegal entry. A common method of border crossing isto hire professional organizations who smuggle illegal immigrants across theUnited States borders. The Mexican/American border is the most common access pointfor illegal immigration. Thismethod of illegal entry accounts for roughly 6.5 million illegal immigrantstatuses in the United States.

Overstayingyour Visa: The individual entered the United States in a legal fashion(obtained a Visa) but stayed beyond the allotted time period in the nation orviolated the terms of legal entry. Roughly 5 million migrants entered Americawith a legal visa; tourists and students are the most common groups to securevisas before travelling to the United States. Their status of a legal migrantchanges to visa overstay once the individual remains in the United Statesafter their authorized time of admission has expired. The time allotted by avisa will vary based on the visa class the individual secured. The majority ofthese illegal immigrants enter the country with tourist or business visas.

BorderCrossing Card Violations: This method accounts for a smaller number ofillegal immigrants. The Border Crossing Card is a form of identification thatenables an individual to cross into the United States for a limited amount oftime. These entry accounts for the majority of registered non0immigrant entryinto America.

Laws SurroundingIllegal Entry or Over-Staying:

An immigrant may be classified as illegal for the followingthree reasons: the individual enters without inspection or authorization, theindividual stays beyond an authorized period following legal entry, or theindividual violates the terms of legal entry.

The laws revolving around illegal entry or overstaying arefound in Section 1325 in Title 8 of the United States Code. This section,titled Improper Entry of Alien will provide a fine or imprisonment (or both)for any immigrant who:

1.Enters or attempts to enter America at anytime or location other than what was designated by the United States Government(immigration official, or

2.Any individual who eludes inspection orexamination instituted by the United States Government and its immigrationagents, or

3.Any individual who attempts to enter theUnited States by providing a false or misleading representation of oneself orthrough a willful concealment of fact.For instance, if you provide a false passport, drivers license orpretend to be anyone else, you will be charged with attempting to enter theUnited States in an illegal fashion.

The maximum prison sentence for an individual caught in theact of violating immigration policy is 6 months for the first offense andadditional 2 years for any subsequent offense.

How does the UnitedStates Enforce Illegal Immigration Laws?

The United States government is attempting to crack-down onillegal immigration. If you have over-stayed your visa or illegally crossed theborder, chances are, the United States government will uncover documentationthat leads to your imprisonment or deportation. The following methods are usedby the United States government to curb and reveal cases of illegal immigration:

Protection at theBorder: The United States Customs and Border Protection agency isresponsible for arresting individuals who attempt to illegally enter the UnitedStates. The United States Border Patrol is a uniformed law enforcement agencythat is responsible for deterring, detecting and subsequently apprehendingthose individuals who enter the United States in an illegal fashionwithoutpermission from the government and outside the designated points of entry.

WorkplaceInvestigations: The United States government conducts audits on employmentrecords (the Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency initiates the audits) toreveal any discrepancies with regards to identification records and thedocumentation itself. Workplace audits may result in deportation if absoluteevidence of illegal immigration is uncovered. Immigration authorities, duringworkplace investigation, will alert employers of mismatches between anemployees Social Security card and the actual identification information ofthe card holder. In addition to employment records, an immigrants visa isperpetually updated and observed by the United States government. Simply put,the government will know, through your employer, as to when your visa expires.

What is thePunishment Associated with Illegal Immigration?

Individuals who are caught illegally immigrating will facedetention, imprisonment or deportation. The United States, per year, holdsroughly 300,000 illegal immigrants in immigration detention centers. An illegalimmigrants deportation is determined in administrative or removal proceedings,held by the government in accordance with United States immigration law. Aremoval proceeding is typically conducted in an Immigration Court and held byan immigration judge. If the individual is found guilty of illegallyimmigrating, he/she may be sent back to their home country and barred fromre-entry to the United States. Complications in deportation will arise when theparents are deemed illegal immigrants, but their children were born in America.

Laws SurroundingDeportation:

If you do not have a Visa, a Green Card or citizenship inthe United States and are currently living in the country, you are subject todeportation. Getting deported is a very serious aspect of immigration law; itis the process of the United States government removing illegal immigrants fromthe country. Deportation may eliminate your ability to secure a visa in the future.The United States Government may deport you for the following reasons:

If you enter the United States while beingdeemed legally inadmissible by the immigration laws of the federal government

Entering the country without a legal visa

Failure to renew a conditional permanentresidency visa

Aiding an illegal immigrant with entering thecountry

Conviction of a criminal offense

Endangering national or public security

Participating in a fraudulent marriage for thepurpose of securing an immigrant visa

The LegalizationProcess:

There are several ways to become a legal resident of theUnited States. The exact procedure to obtain legalization will depend on yourlocation, your background and your residency status. In most cases, before you can obtain aGreen Card (permanent residence) you must obtain a legal status. If you areresidingbecause of illegal crossing or an expired visain the United Statesas an illegal immigrant, you must obtain legalization thru your family (ifpermanent residents or American citizens), your place of employment, the UnitedStates military, thru marriage or from an educational endeavor.

This will enable you tomaintain residence in the United States for a certain period of time. It is crucialto understand that all visas have expiration datesGreen Cards and Citizenshipare permanent, not Visas. Before your expiration date, you must secure a GreenCard through marriage, the military or a family member, employment or business.

To acquire legalization you must engage in or be categorizedas one of the following: a family-based immigrant, a member of the UnitedStates Armed Forces, a worker or student with exceptional skills, anemployment-based worker, or an asylum seeker/refugee. The visas associated withthese categories are all temporary; however, they will enable you to live inthe country legally and apply for permanent residency in the future.

Legalization fromFamily Members:

A number of people become legalized by way of their familymembers. The following individuals may be eligible to legally live in theUnited States:

Any immediate relatives of American citizens,including spouses, unmarried children under the age of 21, and parents ofAmerican citizen petitioners 21 years or older.

Family members of green card holders, includingspouses and unmarried children of the sponsoring individual

A family member of an American citizen who fitsinto a preference category, including unmarried children over the age of 21,brothers and sisters of an American citizen petitioner over 21 and marriedchildren of any age.

Members of special categories, includingbattered children or spouses, individuals born to foreign diplomats in theUnited States, a widower of a United States citizen or a K non-immigrant.

Process of Legalizationthrough Family:

To promote family unity, United States immigration lawenables citizens to petition for qualified relatives to live permanently inAmerica. As stated above, eligible relatives include, spouses, unmarried childrenunder the age of 21 and parents of the U.S. citizen if over 21. Theseindividuals possess special immigration priority; they do not have to wait inline for a visa to immigrate because the government offers a chance to immediate family members of citizens or green card holders to reunite the family.

Being an immediate relative of a US citizen allows you toapply for residency through the filing of Form I-485 (Application to AdjustStatus or Register Permanent Residence). While filling this form out your Americancitizen petitioner must file Form I-130 (Petition for Alien Relative). Whenfiling Form I-130, your petitioner must provide proof of status to demonstratepermanent residency and must submit evidence to qualify your relationship.Permitted evidence includes: a birth certificate, divorce decree or marriagecertificate.

When your relative or spouse is petitioning, the governmentwill observe the following preference categories:

FirstPreference: All unmarried, adult sons and daughters of American Citizens(Adult encompasses all individuals over the age of 21)

SecondPreference (2A): Spouses of green card holders and unmarried children underthe age of 21 of permanent residents

SecondPreference (2B): Unmarried adult sons and daughters of green card holders

ThirdPreference: Married sons and daughters of a United States citizen

FourthPreferences: Sisters and brothers of adult American citizens.

A visa will become available to the above preferencecategories depending on their priority dates (the date the I-130 form wasfiled).

If you are livingoutside of the United States and are an immediate relative of a U.S. citizenyou can apply for permanent residency by engaging in consular processing. Thisprocedure connects the USCIS with your Department of State to issue a permanentvisa assuming the approval of Form I-130.

Legalization throughMarriage:

A fianc visa is one of the most common ways to obtaincitizenship. If you are planning on marrying a US citizen, your partner willfile the petition to award you with permanent residence. When filing thepetition, your partner must satisfy the following requirements:

The petitioner must be a citizen of the UnitedStates

The petitioner must show that they intend onmarrying you within 90 days of your entry into the United states

You and your fianc are both available to marryand previous marriages have been legally terminated by death, annulment ordivorce

You met each other in person at least oncewithin 2 years of filing the petition.

If you are living outside of the United States and are animmediate relative of a U.S. citizen you can apply for permanent residency byengaging in consular processing. This procedure connects the USCIS with yourDepartment of State to issue a permanent visa assuming the approval of FormI-130.

Legalization throughEmployment:

Every year, thousands of people are legalized through anemployment opportunity. The approval for a work visa will require certificationfrom the United States Department Labor. The United States Government, beforeissuing the visa, will investigate the need for the specific job. TheGovernment must see a lack of U.S. workers who are able, qualified, willing oravailable to satisfy the job requirements in that particular area. TheGovernment will ensure that no American workers are displaced through theissuance of the visa.

A visa will also be given for employment if you areconsidered a highly skilled worker or in possession of extraordinaryabilities in a specific field. These workers are typically sought-after by theUnited States government. For instance, in 2002, a number of computertechnicians and programmers were awarded a work visa.

Process for Acquiringa Green Card through Employment:

The majority of employment categories will require youremployer to obtain a labor certification then subsequently file Form I-140,(The Immigrant Petition for Alien Worker) for you.

Green Cards may also be offered to entrepreneurs/investorswho are seeking to make a substantial investment in an entity or enterprisethat creates new jobs.

Visas for Students:

If you are interesting in becoming a full-time student inthe United States, you will need to acquire either an M-1 Student Visa or anF-1 Student Visa. To acquire temporary legalization with a student visa youmust meet the following criteria:

You must be enrolled in an educational program,a vocational program or a language-training program.

Your academic institution must be approved bythe USCIS.

You must be enrolled as a student (full-time) atthe academic institution.

You must be proficient in the English languageor be enrolled in classes leading to fluency

You must have enough money to support yourself duringthe course of study

You must maintain a home abroad that you have nointention to give up.

The F-1 Student Visa enables you to enter America as afull-time student at an accredited university, college, academic high school,elementary school or language training program. You must be enrolled in acourse of study that culminates in a degree or certificate. Your school mustalso be authorized by the United States Federal Government to acceptinternational students.

The M-1 Student Visa is for vocational students or studentsof non-academic programs (other than language courses).

Citizenship and theMilitary:

Members and certain veterans of the United States armedforces may be eligible for citizenship through their military service.Qualifying military service refers to participation in the United States Army,Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard and certain branches of the NationalGuard.

Those who honorably serve in the United States ArmedServices (at any time), will be deemed eligible to apply for citizenship;however, the applicant must satisfy the following requirements:

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Illegal Immigration Your Rights, Benefits, Status ...

When you move across borders from your country to another country, you need to have certain legal documents and follow defined immigration laws of the destination country.

If you move into the country without the necessary legal documents or violates the immigration laws, then you will have committed illegal immigration. You will be termed as an illegal migrant.

So, Illegal immigration is the movement of foreign nationals into a country without requisite legal documents or in any way that flouts the destination countrys immigration laws.

Illegal immigration can occur for a number of reasons, and its effects are wide-ranging. In this article, we explore the various causes of illegal immigration and also look at some of its major impacts.

Lets dive in.

There are numerous reasons as to why people move to foreign countries without following the proper channels, these are the most common reasons:

Lately, developing countries have embraced measures to liberalize trade in the spirit of pursuing the benefits of globalization.

However, rapid opening of domestic markets could result in the displacement of large numbers of unskilled workers, who are highly likely to seek employment and better living standards through illegal immigration.

Past events have shown that increases in poverty, particularly when associated with ongoing crises, can raise the likelihood of illegal immigration.

A good example is the 1994 economic crisis after the establishment of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This crisis was associated with pervasive poverty and a lower valuation for the Mexican peso against the U.S. dollar.

The economic crisis saw the number of illegal Mexican migrants in the U.S. increase annually from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s. Natural disasters and overpopulation are other common causes of poverty-driven illegal immigration.

You could be a legal resident or naturalized citizen of a country and you are looking to bring your loved ones into the country legally.

In this case, you may need to apply for reunification visas. However, these visas are normally limited in number and subject to annual quotas. Consequently, your loved ones may be forced to enter the destination country illegally to be reunited with you.

Overpopulation occurs when population growth outstrips the carrying capacity of an area. Human population explosions can lead to problems such as water shortages, pollution, and poverty. These problems may cause people to flee their homeland to foreign countries illegally.

For example, most illegal immigrants coming to the U.S. are from Mexico. Mexico has a poor economy and the drug cartels in the country are known to kill at least 80,000 people every year.

Conversely, the U.S. enjoys a relatively more stable economy and a safe environment. That is what attracts the Mexicans.

Illegal immigration could be caused by the need to flee from a war-torn or repressive country. However, if you escape such a situation, you will not be termed as an undocumented or illegal migrant in most countries.

If you apply for asylum in the destination country and are granted refugee status you will have the right to stay permanently. If the country denies you any kind of legal protection statues, then you may be forced to leave the country.

Another option is to stay as an illegal migrant. And thats how illegal immigration comes in. Lets now look at the effects of illegal immigration

The effects of illegal immigration may come out as positive or negative depending on how you look at them. Here are some of the major effects:

Illegal immigrants normally use the public services such as health facilities, public schools, transportation, parks and every other public utility you can think of. However, they dont pay taxes for the building and maintenance of these utilities.

Illegal immigrants are normally desperate for a source of income and dont mind working for less pay. Hence, employers in the destination country dont have to hire workers whom they must pay the standard rates.

Moreover, illegal workers can take up just about any kind of work as long it guarantees a steady income. It doesnt matter how hard or hazardous it is.

Conversely, citizens of most destination countries, especially the U.S., are normally choosy. They also dont hesitate to file lawsuits or workers compensation in case of an injury or perceived injustice. Illegal immigrants cant sue and hardly complain about work-related issues.

In light of the fact that illegal immigrants are usually ready to work on lowest pay, they take away jobs meant for locals. You should also be alive to the fact that all natives deserve the jobs before legal or undocumented immigrants.

While employers are normally happy about this situation, it can be frustrating to citizens who cant find reasonably paying jobs.

Employing illegal immigrants means the employer gets away without paying requisite taxes. This leads to significant savings. And consumers could end up enjoying cheaper products and services, thanks to lowers costs of production.

That sounds like a positive impact. However, the loss of tax revenue could undermine government programs.

Without the tax money that employers should remit for jobs held by illegal immigrants, government projects that are beneficial to all of us may end up stalling. That hurts everyone to benefit a few.

The pursuit of better quality life is the primary cause of illegal immigration. This is mostly achieved through employment in the destination country. And the desperation for employment drives illegal migrants to work in dangerous industries such as construction and agriculture.

Moreover, illegal workers have limited ability to uphold safety at work, thanks to the complex web of consequences that shroud illegal migrant status.

Besides the physical dangers that illegal immigrants are exposed to at work, the choice to move across borders in search of employment normally entails work-related lifestyle factors that affect the physical, social, and mental well-being of immigrants and their loved ones.

While most of the illegal immigrants are only looking for employment opportunities, there is a good number among them that are involved in criminal activities.

The MS-13 gang, which comprised of Central American immigrants, is a good example of illegal immigrant turned criminals. In fact, it has been christened the most dangerous gang in the world.

Without proper monitoring of those who are entering a country illegally, criminals and terrorists could also find their way into the country. This creates danger for law-abiding residents. Moreover, it is not easy to track and prosecute illegal criminals.

Many people are keen to follow the right procedures for immigration. However, they could decide to take shortcuts if they are convinced that it is possible, and perhaps even more rewarding, to get into the country illegally.

Bottom Line

Foreign nationals require permission from the destination country before they can come in and stay. Violation of the countrys defined immigration laws would render them illegal migrants. Illegal immigration is caused by many factors, including poverty, overpopulation, trade liberalization, and wars in countries of origin. It can have serious impacts on the economy of the destination country as well as on the lives of the illegal migrants themselves.

Sonia is a High School Graduate and Runs the Writing and Editing Team for EarthEclipse.com. She is Extremely Passionate about Environment, Technology and Computing.

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Causes and Effects of Illegal Immigration | Earth Eclipse