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FAIR Take | March2023

Over the past few weeks, legislators in Florida and Texas have introduced bills to aggressively tackle the problem of illegal immigration in their states. Following the example of their governors, who have taken the lead on countering the Biden administrations open-border policies, these bills are more likely than ever topass.

At a press conference in Jacksonville on February 23, Florida Governor Ron DeSantis (R) announced a comprehensive package of legislative proposals to counteract President Bidens Border Crisis. Building on past legislative victories and the recommendations of a statewide grand jury empaneled by the Florida Supreme Court last year at his request, the governor proposed thatFlorida:

As he unveiled his legislative agenda, DeSantis stressed that Florida is a law and order state, and we wont turn a blind eye to the dangers of Bidens Border Crisis. We will continue to take steps to protect Floridians from reckless federal open borderpolicies.

On March 7, the opening day of Floridas legislative session, several bills were introduced in each chamber of the legislature to turn the governors proposals into law: Senate Bill (SB) 1718, sponsored by Senator Blaise Ingoglia (R-Spring Hill), and House Bill (HB) 1617, sponsored by Representative Kiyan Michael (R-Jacksonville), an Angel Mom whose son Brandon was killed in a car crash by a twice-deported illegalalien.

Lamenting the situation that brought forward his legislation, Sen. Ingoglia noted [i]t is unfortunate that state governments are having to step in to protect their residents from the incompetence and unlawful open border policies of the Biden Administration, adding, SB 1718 is the most comprehensive and strongest, state-led anti-illegal immigrant piece of legislation ever put forth. This should be the model for all 50 states going forward to push the federal government into finally doing its job and fixing a crisis they havecreated.

The only part of the Governors legislative proposal that has yet to be introduced is the repeal of in-state tuition for illegal aliens. This has divided some of the states Republicans, as in-state tuition in Florida was itself adopted in 2014 by a Republican legislature and signed into law by Republican then-Governor, now U.S. Senator, Rick Scott. It was also supported by now-Lieutenant Governor Jeanette Nuez (R) and Education Commissioner Manny Diaz Jr. (R), who were both state legislators at the time. Sen. Scott has criticized the proposal as unfair, saying its a bill that I was proud to sign. Its a bill I would sign againtoday.

However, Sen. Ingoglia is committed to including in-state tuition repeal in the final version of his bill, saying I personally believe that we should do away with in-state tuition for illegal immigrants That is reserved for people who are legal residents of the state of Florida. Lt. Governor Nuez and Commissioner Diaz have also both publicly reversed their previous positions, saying in-state tuition should be repealed as they believe [t]imes have changed unfortunately the Biden Administration has created acrisis.

SB 1718 has already begun advancing through the legislative process. On March 15, it was voted favorably out of the Senate Rules Committee by a 15-5 vote, along party lines. It has now been referred to the Senate Fiscal PolicyCommittee.

HB 1617 has been referred to the Commerce, Judiciary, and Appropriations committees in the House of Representatives and has not been yet been scheduled for ahearing.

The Florida Legislature is scheduled to adjourn on May 5. While all the details will have to be worked out over the course of the session, it is a near-certainty that one of these bills will pass in some form and be signed into law by Gov.DeSantis.

In response to the Biden border crisis, Gov. Greg Abbott (R) launched Operation Lone Star in March 2021 saying Texas supports legal immigration but will not be an accomplice to the open border policies that cause, rather than prevent, a humanitarian crisis in our state and endanger the lives of Texans. We will surge the resources and law enforcement personnel needed to confront thiscrisis.

The following summer (July 7, 2022) Abbott issued an executive order condemning President Biden for failing to secure the border and invoking two clauses of the U.S. Constitution: the Invasion Clause and the Self-Defense/War Powers Clause. The Invasion Clause, Article IV Section 4, provides that [t]he United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion. The Self-Defense/War Powers Clause provides, in pertinent part, that [n]o State shall, without the Consent of Congress enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay. According to a legal opinion issued by former Arizona Attorney General (AG) Mark Brnovich, these clauses provide states with war powers when necessary, including the authority to repel illegal aliens back across theborder.

Texas has surged resources to the border over the past two years, including building its own border wall, and now bills have been introduced in both chambers of the legislature to significantly expand the states powers to fight illegal immigrationdirectly.

In the Texas House of Representatives, Rep. Matt Schaefer (R-Tyler) introduced HB 20, which would create a Border Protection Unit under a director appointed by the governor. This agency would coordinate and spearhead all of Texass efforts regarding the border, and illegal immigration more broadly. It would also have the authority to arrest, detain and repel illegal aliens back across the border. Also citing the Invasion Clause and the Self Defense clause, it declares that [t]he Legislature, acting with the governor, has the solemn duty to protect and defend the citizens of Texas Texas is in such imminent danger as will not admit ofdelay.

HB 20 has been referred to the House State Affairs Committee, but has not yet been scheduled for a hearing. However, House Speaker Dade Phelan (R-Beaumont) strongly supports it and has declared it a priority, saying, [a]ddressing our states border and humanitarian crisis is a must-pass issue for the Texas House thisyear.

In the Texas Senate, SB 2424, sponsored by Sen. Brian Birdwell (R-Granbury), would make unlawfully crossing an international border into Texas a state crime, punishable by up to a year in jail for a first offense, two years for a second or subsequent offense, and up to life in prison for convicted felons. The bill would also specifically authorize law enforcement to arrest and prosecute anyone anywhere in the state for this crime. This bill has the backing of the Senate President, Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick (R), who said that the bill would empower Texas to truly protect our border, as the Federal Government has completely abdicated its constitutional responsibility. The bill has been referred to the Senate Committee on Border Security but has not yet been set forhearing.

Both bills would also make trespassing on private property by illegal aliens afelony.

These bills appear expressly designed to test the constitutional limits of state authority regarding immigration law and the extent of federal preemption, which was last addressed by the U.S. Supreme Court in Arizona v. United States in 2012. In that case, the Supreme Court struck down much of Arizonas anti-sanctuary law, SB 1070. Texas Attorney General (AG) Ken Paxton has specifically called for legislation that would do what has been previously struck down by the Supreme Court. His office has stated that it does not agree with the ruling [in that case] and would welcome laws that would spark a court challenge because the makeup of the Supreme Court haschanged.

If these bills or something comparable passed both chambers and reached his desk, Gov. Abbott would almost certainly signthem.

The Texas Legislature is currently scheduled to adjourn on May29.

See more here:
Florida and Texas Bills Go On Offense against Illegal Immigration - Federation for American Immigration Reform

FILE PIC: Migrants boats in the Mediterranean sea. /VCG

FILE PIC: Migrants boats in the Mediterranean sea. /VCG

Tunisian coast guards have retrieved four bodies of illegal immigrants after four boats sank off the coast of Sfax province in southeastern Tunisia, Tunisian National Guard said Thursday.

Houcemeddine Jbabli, Tunisian National Guard's spokesman, told Xinhua by phone that four boats sank on Wednesday night off the coast of Sfax, adding that the recovered bodies belonged to three infants and an adult.

A total of 63 immigrants were rescued during the operation, and the search for the missing, the number of which was not specified, is still underway, he said.

Jbabli added that also on Wednesday night, the coast guards thwarted 10 illegal immigration attempts to cross the Mediterranean to the Italian coast, with 366 illegal immigrants of sub-Saharan African nationalities being arrested.

Tunisia, located in the central Mediterranean, is one of the main points of access to Europe used by illegal immigrants. The number of attempts by illegal immigrants to go to Italy from the Tunisian coast has been increasing despite the strict measures taken by the Tunisian authorities.

Source(s): Xinhua News Agency

Original post:
Tunisia retrieves 4 bodies of illegal immigrants off coast - newsaf.cgtn.com

The Royal Turks and Caicos Islands Police Force made its ninth interception for the year in relation to illegal migrants when Marine Branch Officersstopped a Haitian migrant vessel withover 100 people on Tuesday.

The vessel, which was heading towards, West Caicos, was intercepted around 1:08 pm.

The migrant vessel was found carrying a total of 184 illegal migrants- 30 females and 154 males.

The illegal migrants were handed over tothe Immigration Task Force.

Acting Commissioner of Police Rodney Adams said:

I would like to congratulate the Marine Branch for yet another successful operation.

Weremain grateful for the collaborations between ourregional and international partners. Several agencies, including the RTCIPF Marine Branch, Maritime Operations Center and the Immigration Task Force jointly identified and intercepted this sloop, preventing over 100 irregular migrants from entering the TCI illegally.

The Turks and Caicos has been dealing with an influx of illegal migrants since last year.

See more here:
Turks and Caicos intercepts over 100 illegal migrants | Loop ... - Loop News Caribbean

The Canadian border is back in the news, with headlines proclaiming that illegal immigration there has suddenly spiked more than800 percentin one busy sector recent months. Amid a fresh outbreak of what-to-do-doism, the Biden administration redeployed 25 Border Patrol agents from the besieged southern border to the far northeast corner of Americas border with Canada, the Border Patrol's Swanton Sector (including New Hampshire, Vermont, and part of New York).

The agents are to intercept what appears to be a huge spike in crossings by mostly Mexican nationals flying over the United States into Canada and then crossing the border southward, along with other nationalities in smaller numbers.

But so far left out of public reporting and government responses is that the reason for the northern border surge is one particular Canadian policy that, if ever acknowledged, could be quickly and easily remedied between diplomats on both sides. But likely never will.

The catalyst of mainly Mexican northern border crossings is a policy that Canadas Prime Minister Justin Trudeau implemented on December 1, 2016. On that day, Trudeau rescinded the requirement that Mexicans seeking to travel to Canada obtain visas. The prime minister replaced the visa requirement it with a pro-forma electronic travel authorization (eTA) visitors pass, a $7 online affair, that allowed Mexicans to fly in at will like most American citizens.

Now, Mexican nationals are using Trudeau's visa-free visitors pass in escalating numbers to fly in and then cross south into America.

They are doing so because, on the southern border, the Border Patrol is applying the last months of Title 42 rapid expulsions against most Mexicans, while admitting many of other nationalities under humanitarian parole. In short, Mexicans are at the bottom of the food chain right now among nationalities enjoying wholesale Biden administration admittances at the southern border. But those with the price of an air ticket have options.

Trudeaus fast-pass, visa-free loophole for Mexicans to fly into Canada may seem inexplicable unless seen through the prism of Canadian politics.

Trudeaus 2016 policy was a conspicuous reaction to Donald Trump's election weeks before. The visa requirement for Mexicans was there for good reason. Trudeaus predecessor put it in place in 2009 because prior to that Mexicans were abusing the visa waiver to stake bogus asylum claims on a mass scale. It obviously had to go.

Trudeau, though, happily returned that asylum abuse to pacify his progressive liberal base who treasured such abuse.

"Lifting the visa requirement will deepen ties between Canada and Mexico and will increase the flow of travelers, ideas, and businesses between both countries, Trudeau said in a November 2016 announcement about his plan to restore visa-free travel to Mexicans.

When he did it in December 2016, the result was both predictable andpredicted at the time. As Trump went to work to implement his border-tightening plans, the northern border experienced a significant spike, as Mexican nationals flew into Canada on their new $7 visa waiver, filed bogus asylum claims, and when they were declined, crossed south into the United States, just as they are doing once again.

CBP apprehension numbers showed a hefty increase in apprehensions of Mexicans at the northern border after Trudeau lifted the visa requirement. From 2013 through 2016, apprehensions of Mexicans ranged from about 1,400 to about 1,700 annually. Those numbers increased to 2,245 in 2018 and 2,101 in 2019.

The new surge of Mexicans at the northern border is shaping up as far worse than the earlier one during Trump, with 1,604 Border Patrol apprehensions in just the first five months of fiscal 2023.

Trudeaus 2016 policy toward Mexicans has almost certainly sparked off a new and bigger replay in 2023. And while its 1,604 apprehensions are infinitesimal compared to southern borders 253,701 apprehensions of Mexicans, there is ample cause for Americans to ask about the Trudeau policy and to question why the Biden administration, in many recent immigration meetings and summits with the Trudeau government, has never demanded its immediate end before the situation worsens.

By mid-July 2017, after Trudeau restored the visa waiver to Mexicans, leaked Canada Border Services Agency intelligence reports said Mexican cartel operatives "drug smugglers, human smugglers, recruiters, money launders and foot soldiers" were turning up in greater numbers than ever before. The cartels began facilitating the human smuggling business of other Mexicans south over the Americas northern border, just as they did all along the southern border.

Global News, which published the intelligence reports in July 2017, quoted them as saying Mexican crime groups such as the ultra-violent Sinaloa cartel had turned up in Canada and would "facilitate travel to Canada by Mexicans with criminal records".

Besides the Sinaloa Cartel, Mexican entrants were identified as belonging to La Familia Michoacana, Jalisco New Generation, and Los Zetas cartels.

For instance, whereas the reports said 37 Mexicans linked or possibly linked to organized criminal groups had entered between 2012 and 2015, 65 involved in "serious crimes" were identified midway through just 2017, compared to 28 in 2015. Another 15 Mexicans cited for national security problems were caught in the first six months of 2017, more than the two previous years combined.

By May 2019, at least 400 Mexican criminals connected to drug trafficking, including sicario hitmen, were plying their trades in Canada, at least half of them in Quebec, according to a May 24, 2019, report in the Toronto Sun and other Canadian media outlets. All had entered through the Trudeau loophole.

By the end of 2019, Canada saw a 1,400 percent spike in the number of bogus Mexican refugee claims, the vast majority naturally rejected, and of associated detentions.

It stood to reason that, when Canada declined Mexican asylum claims, they simply fled south over the thinly patrolled northern American border.

But that was then and this is now, right?

Except that now appears to be the same as then.

Starting in about fall 2022, southern border pressure once again seemed to be squeezing Mexican nationals and Mexicos cartel criminals into the Canadian pipeline.

Of course it would. While the Biden administration was turning back almost all Mexicans caught at the southern border under the pandemic-control measure known as Title 42, Mexicans saw illegal border-crossers from other nationalities obtaining quick release into the United States, often with parole and work permits.

From January to mid-October 2022, 7,698 Mexican asylum seekers took direct flights from Mexico City to Montreal, according to a November 2022 Canadian Press story. The paper quoted officials at nonprofit refugee assistance groups attesting to the fact that most fly to Canada because they found out about Trudeaus visa-free policy for Mexicans and that they could access government financial assistance while awaiting the outcomes of their asylum applications.

But most of their applications are rejected.

There should be little doubt that cartel operatives using bogus documents are once more using the Trudeau loophole not only to enter Canada, but to then take themselves and those who follow southward into the United States.

In their October 2021 book, The Wolfpack: The Millennial Mobsters Who Brought Chaos and the Cartels to the Canadian Underworld, journalists Peter Edwards and Luis Najera established that the Sinaloa Cartel now has a solid foothold across eastern Canada, with solid control of cocaine shipments in and out of Canada. The Arellano Felix group has its foothold in western Canada, particularly in Vancouver and in the state of Alberta.

The Zetas are in Canada involved with temporary migrant workers.

Asked in 2023 if Canadas importance to Mexican organized crime had increased in recent years, co-author Luis Najera answered an interviewer this way:

I would say it has increased since criminal cells moved up north to settle and expand operations here. It is also strategic to have groups operating north of the U.S. border, close to key places such as Chicago and New York, and without the scrutiny of the DEA and rival groups.

So there should also be little doubt that regular economic migrants are once againpaying the Mexican cartels in Canada to organize their southward crossings into the United States before or after they lose or abandon their pro-forma Canadian asylum claims.

The problem for the Mexicans is that Canada seeks to quickly deport those who are declined for asylum as most Mexicans are and who, knowing rejection is the most likely outcome, often abandon their initial claims rather than wait for the inevitable. Or dont bother filing them at all.

In summary, three factors explain why Mexicans are now surging south over the American border: Canadas policy allowing them easy, visa-free flights in, Canadas willingness to deport them after they inevitably become illegally present there, and an irresistibly alluring Biden administration policy that suspended almost every kind of interior deportation, creating a sanctuary nation sucking them southward out of Canada.

Similar circumstances are likely leading non-Mexicans to cross south from Canada.

More than half of the 2,856 apprehensions at the northern border in just the first four months of FY 2023 1,604 were Mexican nationals, according to CBP apprehension data, which includes another 17 nationalities and other. Those 17 nationalities accounted for an additional 1,095 apprehensions, while 157 made up the ambiguous other category.

For example, about 90 Romanian gypsies (also known as Roma) were apprehended crossing south from Canada in the first four months of 2023. This one is explainable. Trudeaus 2016 move restored visa-free visitation to Romanians, immediately sparking off flights into Canada and crossings over the southern border that obviously continue today.

But none of the other 16 nationalities are on Canadas visa-free list of more than 50 countries.

How could these 1,095 have gotten into Canada and, like the Mexicans and Romanians, enacted their southward illegal crossings?

There are two likely explanations. One is yet another Canadian loophole that illegal immigrants who are inside the United States can avail themselves of if they crossed the southern border and were rejected for American asylum.

A safe third country agreement between Canada and the United States prohibits anyone from claiming asylum if theyve already filed for it in either country.

But only if they try to claim it at an official port of entry.

American asylum rejectees can get a second bite at the apple if they illegally enter Canada between ports of entry. And a popular spot in upstate New York known as the Roxham Road crossing is flooded with illegal immigrants these days, presumably rejected U.S. asylum seekers, crossing to take a gamble on Canadian asylum.

But what happens when Canada rejects them and starts hunting them down for deportation?

Are these the non-Mexicans now starting to return to America, the sanctuary nation under Biden? Theres precious little media reporting on the question, but it seems likely.

A second possibility is that Trudeaus ambitious immigrant importation policy, which has flown in hundreds of thousands of foreign nationals from throughout the world, is responsible. After Trumps election, Trudeau put himself out to his base as the ultimate anti-Trump on immigration, rolling out what would become that nations most-ambitious-ever plan to admit immigrants, nearly one million over a three-year period.

Could some portion of those to whom Canada is granting entry never have intended to stay in that country, and be heading south into the United States?

That, too, seems likely.

In the knowledge that easily reversible policy choices are behind whats happening on the northern border, the Biden governments northward deployment of 25 Border Patrol agents should be seen as the empty gesture it is.

Those agents will do nothing to slow the gathering northern tide because their deployment treats the consequences of underlying causal policies and not the causal policies themselves, which are never even publicly discussed so that they can be addressed.

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, like President Joe Biden, could easily flick the switches to off and end much of the influx almost overnight. Trudeau could reinstitute visas for Mexicans, for starters, with a wave of his hand. The Biden administration, perhaps thinking of Mexican cartel operatives flowing in with the illegal immigrants, could demand that move and negotiate a closure of the safe third country agreements land border loophole.

A March 7 meeting in Washington between DHS Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas and his Canadian counterpart, Immigration Minister Sean Fraser, shows none of that is likely to happen.

Both governments are run by progressive liberals who want as much immigration as possible, legal or otherwise. After his meeting with Mayorkas, Fraser indicated hes going to let it all ride when he told reporters that the northern border problem is not one that will respond to quick fixes.

Migration is a reality that were going to continue to deal with, Frasier said, indicating inaction.

Trudeau and Biden will get away with it, too, because American media seem disinclined to report anything about these causal Canadian policies or their consequences.

Original post:
The Canadian Policy Behind the Surge of Illegals and Mexican ... - Immigration Blog

Immigration reform is perhaps the most complex policy to enact, let alone enforce, without stepping on individuals' human rights or on the toes of a certain group of people.

I realize there is an undercurrent of tension right now as it relates to this delicate topic, but it's important to discuss. This is why, in my opinion, no one has the perfect solution or answers; not even major developed countries.

Nevertheless, elected politicians have an obligation and a duty to come up with a comprehensive approach and viable solutions in the best interest of Turks and Caicos Islands.

The impact of the recent pandemic has created even more of a nightmare for many countries around the world. As a result, many people are suffering and in dire straits of basic needs.

Amid the fears and instability in our neighboring country like Haiti, its pretty evident. As we can see, without intervention, it is forcing hundreds, if not thousands of illegal migrants, to risk their lives to reach our shores.

Years ago, political pundits were taken aback when the former premier (Sharlene Cartwright-Robinson) stated that she cannot stop the illegal Haitian sloops from coming. Although, not politically correct, it has proven to be factual. Despite their tireless efforts, with some progress being made in recent months, which political party has yet to show they can?

For decades our country has dealt with illegal immigration, primarily Haitian and Dominican Republic nationals, and there seems to be no real solutions or end in sight.

Recently, many other nationalities are seizing on the opportunities and taking advantage of the loopholes in our immigration system and porous borders. I'm inclined to believe we literally have thousands of undocumented immigrants living in our country under the shadows, be it from undetected illegal boats coming ashore or persons who have overstayed their visas.

The recent voters list published by Turks and Caicos SUN, which showed only 9,034 registered voters out of a population of approximately 45,000, could be indicative of the magnitude of our illegal immigration problems.

Currently, there are ongoing discussions of enlarging our franchise through a legal framework with descendants of Turks and Caicos Islands. Looking at it through this prism, although noteworthy, we ought to be careful not to rush this initiative. In doing so, it could be consequential. In the interim, why not deal with the problem at hand?

In a small island nation like Turks and Caicos Islands, unchecked immigration could threaten the very fabric of our society in terms of our culture, the burden on our existing welfare system, etc.

What we need is zero tolerance for illegal immigration. Although we are advocates for human rights, our country has a rule of law that must be adhered to.

In order to properly enforce our current laws and bring about real change, the government will need to have stronger checks and balances in place, in addition to implementing more aggressive deterrent tactics.

Such as, a better tracking system for overstayed visas under the Operation Guardian programme.

* Imposing hefty fines for hiring illegals or aiding and abetting illegal entry.

* Housing enforcement of make-shift shacks erected on vacant properties, be it government or private.

* Investing heavily in border control and protecting our sovereign water ways.

* Increasing unannounced worksite immigration inspections, etc.

It's unfortunate, but given the rapid decline of our indigenous population over the years and the construction boom, the country cannot continue to thrive and survive without foreign workers.

The reality is, our country does not have sufficient local labor force to meet the construction demands and the growing need for workers in the service industry.

The question is, at what point are we willing to accept this reality? I also believe there is a broader appetite by the public for the government to make some necessary amendments to our current immigration policies.

It's evident, the British government which is ultimately responsible for our external security, is only spoon-feeding us when we cry out.

Im afraid, the road we are currently on, it's putting the country in a very precarious position which will be difficult to rebound. With that being said, there are other options the government should also consider to help mitigate the internal and external impending threats.

The first option: Whilst developing bilateral security partnerships is great, lets ramp up the pressure on the British government to station their own coastguard ship in our waters on a semi-permanent basis. This will help to deal with the constant interceptions of illegal vessels and less reliance on the US and Bahamian Coastguard.

With our limited marine resources, why are we processing hundreds of illegal migrants on our shores? Our system was not designed to house and support such levels of immigration. The high cost of repatriation is draining our already strapped fiscal budget, which in turn creates other economic shortfalls for the country.

The second option: Consider passing an amnesty bill with a path to citizenship for those without criminal records who can prove they have entered the country prior to XYZ date.

For eligibility, such persons would have to provide some form of legal documentation, work history, passport and credible references.

Obviously, this will need to be a well thought out process and will require some kind of Think Tank committee to brainstorm this to see what the legal ramifications may be. It will also need to include our census bureau embarking on a countrywide effort for a more accurate headcount.

By doing this, we may accomplish a number of things, for one, it will decrease what I would characterize as the slave labor pool in our country. In addition, it will allow those who were once illegal to pay into our NHIB, NIB health and retirement system rather than draining it at our own expense.

The bottom line is, its a broken system and we cannot continue to kick the can down the road. If we operate the same way we will get the same results.

As we have seen over the years, even though many of these voyages could be very treacherous, these migrants are undeterred by the seemingly odds of dying to get to TCI.

Therefore, it is futile to just sit back, complain and think it will magically go away. Because, at the end of the day, they are here, living and working among us undetected and have been for years. Something unprecedented must be done.

Illegal immigration is a matter that should concern all of us. Whether or not we choose to confront the problem, or just put a bandaid on it, its definitely something we need to tackle head on.

* Ed Forbes is a native Turks and Caicos Islander, who spent 30 plus years studying and working in the USA. He holds an Associate degree in Criminal Justice and an Honorary degree in Criminology along with various legal and professional certifications in crime prevention and journalism. Ed resides in Grand Turk and is the co-founder and operator of Exclusive Escapes Tours.

The rest is here:
Illegal immigration, still a real threat in TCI - Turks and Caicos Sun