Mediaboss Marketing

Tehran Metropolis Greater Tehran Coordinates: 354146N 512523E / 35.69611N 51.42306E / 35.69611; 51.42306Coordinates: 354146N 512523E / 35.69611N 51.42306E / 35.69611; 51.42306 Country Iran Province Tehran County Tehran Rey Shemiranat District Central Government Mayor Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf City Council Chairman Mehdi Chamran Area[1] Urban 730km2 (280sqmi) Metro 1,274km2 (492sqmi) Elevation[2] 900 to 1,830m (2,952 to 6,003ft) Population (2015)[3] Density 12,896/km2 (33,400/sqmi) Urban 7,006,884,678,200,000,0008,846,782 Metro 7,007,152,325,640,000,00015,232,564 Population Rank in Iran 1st Population Data from 2015 Census and Statistical Centre of Iran Metro area figure refers to Tehran Province. Demonym(s) Tehrani(en) Time zone IRST (UTC+03:30) Summer (DST) IRDT (UTC+04:30) Area code(s) 021 Website http://www.tehran.ir

Tehran (Persian: Tehrn, pronounced[tehrn]( listen)) is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With a population of around 9 million in the city and 16 million in the wider metropolitan area,[4] Tehran is the largest city and urban area of Iran, the 2nd-largest city in Western Asia, and the 3rd-largest in the Middle East. It is ranked 29th in the world by the population of its metropolitan area.[5]

In the Classical era, part of the present-day city of Tehran was occupied by a Median city that in the Avesta occurs as Rhaga.[6] It was destroyed by the Mongols in the early 13th century, and remains now as a city in Tehran Province, located towards the southern end of the modern-day city of Tehran.

Tehran was first chosen as the capital of Iran by Agha Mohammad Khan of the Qajar dynasty in 1796, in order to remain within close reach of Iran's territories in the Caucasus, before being separated from Iran as a result of the Russo-Persian Wars, and to avoid the vying factions of the previously ruling Iranian dynasties. The capital has been moved several times throughout the history, and Tehran is the 32nd national capital of Iran.

The city was the seat of the Qajars and Pahlavis, the two last imperial dynasties of Iran. It is home to many historical collections, such as the royal complexes of Golestan, Sa'dabad, and Niavaran, as well as the country's most important governmental buildings of the modern period.

Large scale demolition and rebuilding began in the 1920s, and Tehran has been a destination for the mass migrations from all over Iran since the 20th century.[7]

The most famous landmarks of the city include the Azadi Tower, a memorial built during the Pahlavi period, and the Milad Tower, the world's 17th tallest freestanding structure, which was built in 2007. Tabiat Bridge, which was completed in 2014, is considered the third contemporary symbol of the city.[8]

The majority of the people of Tehran are Persian-speaking people,[9][10] and roughly 99% of the population understand and speak Persian; but there are also large populations of other Iranian ethnicities in the city such as Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Lurs, and Kurds who speak Persian as their second language.[11]

Tehran is served by the Mehrabad and Khomeini international airports, a central railway station, the rapid transit rail system of the Tehran Metro, as well as a trolleybus and a BRT system, and has a large network of highways.

There have been plans to relocate Iran's capital from Tehran to another area; due mainly to air pollution and the city's exposure to earthquakes. To date, no definitive plans have been approved. A 2016 survey of 230 cities by consultant Mercer ranked Tehran 203rd for quality of living.[12] According to the Global Destinations Cities Index, Tehran is among the top ten fastest growing destinations.[13]

The origin of the name Tehran is uncertain.[14] The settlement of Tehran dates back over 7,000 years.[15]

The present-day city of Tehran was a suburb of an important Median city that was known as Rhaga in Old Persian. In the Avesta's Videvdat (i, 15), Rhaga is mentioned as the twelfth sacred place created by the Ohrmazd.[16] In Old Persian inscriptions, Rhaga appears as a province (Behistun 2, 1018). It was a major area for the Iranian tribes of Medes and Achaemenids. From Rhaga, Darius the Great sent reinforcements to his father Hystaspes, who was putting down the rebellion in Parthia (Behistun 3, 110).[16] In some Middle Persian texts, Rhaga is given as the birthplace of Zoroaster,[17] although modern historians generally place the birth of Zoroaster in Khorasan. Derived into Modern Persian as Rey, it remains now as a city located towards the southern end of the modern-day city of Tehran, which has been absorbed into the Greater Tehran metropolitan area.

Mount Damavand, the highest peak of Iran, which is located near Tehran, is an important location in Ferdowsi's Shahname,[18] the long Iranian epic poem that is based on the ancient epics of Iran. It appears in the epics as the birthplace of Manuchehr, the residence of Keyumars, the place where Freydun binds the dragon fiend Ai Dahka and the place where Arash the Archer shot his arrow from.[18]

During the Sassanid era, in 641, Yazdgerd III issued his last appeal to the nation from Rey, before fleeing to Khorasan.[16] Rey was dominated by the Parthian Mihran family, and Siyavakhshthe son of Mihran the son of Bahram Chobinwho resisted the Muslim Invasion.[16] Because of this resistance, when the Arabs captured Rey, they ordered the town to be destroyed and ordered Farrukhzad to rebuild the town anew.[16]

In the 9th century, Tehran was a well known village, but less known than the city of Rey, which was flourishing nearby. The medieval writer Najm od Din Razi declared the population of Rey about 500,000 before the Mongol Invasion.

In the 10th century, Rey was described in detail by Muslim geographers.[16] Despite the interest that Arabian Baghdad displayed in Rey, the number of Arabs in the city remained insignificant and the population mainly consisted of Persians of all classes.[16][19] The Oghuz Turks invaded Rey discretely in 1035 and 1042, but the city was recovered during the Seljuk and Khwarazmian eras.[16]

In the 13th century, the Mongols invaded Rey, laid the city to ruin and massacred many of its inhabitants.[16] Following the invasion, many of the city's inhabitants escaped to Tehran, and the new residence took over its role.

In July 1404, Castilian ambassador Ruy Gonzlez de Clavijo visited Tehran while on a journey to Samarkand, the capital of Timur who ruled Iran at the time. Clavijo later described Tehran as an unwalled region under the Timurid Empire.

When the Italian traveler Pietro della Valle passed through the city overnight in 1618, he mentioned it as "Taheran" in his memoirs, while Thomas Herbert mentioned it as "Tyroan". Herbert stated that the city had 3,000 houses in 1627.[20]

In the early 18th century, Karim Khan of the Zand dynasty ordered a palace and a government office to be built in Tehran, possibly to declare the city his capital, but he later moved his government to Shiraz. Eventually, the Qajar king Agha Mohammad Khan was the first to choose Tehran as the capital of Iran in 1776.[21]

Agha Mohammad Khan's choice of his capital was based on a similar concern for the control of both the northern and the southern regions of Iran.[21] He was aware of the loyalties of the inhabitants of the previous capitals Isfahan and Shiraz to the Safavid and Zand dynasties respectively, and was wary of the power of the local notables in these cities.[21] Thus, he probably viewed Tehran's lack of a substantial urban structure as a blessing, because it minimized the chances of resistance to his rule by the notables and by the general public.[21] Moreover, he had to remain within close reach of Azerbaijan and Iran's integral Caucasian territories in the North and South Caucasus,[21] at that time not yet irrevocably lost per the treaties of Golestan and Turkmenchay to the neighboring Imperial Russia, which would follow in the course of the 19th century.[22]

After 50 years of Qajar rule, the city still barely had more than 80,000 inhabitants.[21]

Up until the 1870s, Tehran consisted of a walled citadel, a roofed bazaar, and a town where the majority of the population resided in the three main neighborhoods of Udlajan, Chale Meydan and Sangelaj. The first development plan of Tehran in 1855 emphasized the traditional spatial structure. Architecture, however, found an eclectic expression to reflect the new lifestyle.

The second major planning exercise in Tehran took place under the supervision of Dar ol Fonun. The map of 1878 included new city walls, in the form of a perfect octagon with an area of 19 square kilometers, which mimicked the Renaissance cities of Europe.[23]

As a response to the growing social awareness of civil rights, on June 2, 1907, the first parliament of the Persian Constitutional Revolution passed a law on local governance known as the Baladie Law. The second and third articles of the law, on Baladie Community (or the city council), provided a detailed outline on issues such as the role of councils within the city, the members' qualifications, the election process and the requirements to be entitled to vote.

After the First World War, Reza Shah immediately suspended the Baladie Law of 1907, and the decentralized and autonomous city councils were replaced by centralist approaches of governance and planning.[23]

From the 1920s to 1930s, the city was essentially rebuilt from scratch, under the rule of Reza Shah Pahlavi. Reza Shah believed that ancient buildings such as large parts of the Golestan Palace, Tekye Dowlat, the Toopkhane Square, the city fortifications and the old citadel among others, should not be part of a modern city. They were systematically demolished, and modern buildings in the pre-Islamic Iranian style, such as the National Bank, the Police Headquarters, the Telegraph Office and the Military Academy were built in their place. The Grand Bazaar of Tehran was divided in half and many historic buildings were demolished in order to build wide straight avenues in the capital. Many Persian gardens also fell victim to new construction projects.[24]

The changes in the urban fabric started with the street-widening act of 1933, which served as a framework for changes in all other cities. As a result of this act, the traditional texture of the city was replaced with cruciform intersecting streets creating large roundabouts, located on the major public spaces such as the bazaar.

As an attempt to create a network for the easy movement of goods and vehicles in Tehran, the city walls and gates were demolished in 1937 and replaced by wide streets cutting through the urban fabric. The new city map of Tehran in 1937 was heavily influenced by the modernist planning patterns of zoning and gridiron networks.[23]

During the Second World War, Soviet and British troops entered the city. Tehran was the site of the Tehran Conference in 1943, attended by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin, and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill.

A former Parliament Building, built in the 1920s

A street in Tehran during the 1930s

National Bank of Iran, Sabze Meydan, in the 1940s

The establishment of the planning organization of Iran in 1948 resulted in the first socio-economic development plan to cover 1949 to 1955. These plans not only failed to slow the unbalanced growth of Tehran, but with the 1962 land reforms that Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi called the White Revolution, Tehran's chaotic growth was further accentuated.

To bring back order to the city and resolve the problem of social exclusion, the first comprehensive plan of Tehran was approved in 1968. The consortium of Iranian consultants Abd ol Aziz Mirza Farmanian and the American firm of Victor Gruen Associates identified the main problems blighting the city to be high density suburbs, air and water pollution, inefficient infrastructure, unemployment and rural-urban migration. Eventually, the whole plan was marginalized by the 1979 Revolution and the subsequent IranIraq War.[23]

Tehran's most famous landmark, the Azadi Tower, was built by the order of the Shah in 1971. It was designed by Hossein Amanat, an architect who won a competition to design the monument, using Sassanid and Achaemenid elements. Formerly known as the Shahyad Tower, it was built in commemoration of the 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire.

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Tehran was rapidly developing under the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Modern buildings altered the face of Tehran and ambitious projects were envisioned for the following decades. The majority of these projects, such as the Milad Tower, were continued after the 1979 Revolution when Tehran's urbanization had reached its peak, and the new government started many other new projects.

During the 198088 IranIraq War, Tehran was the target of repeated Scud missile attacks and air strikes.

The 435-meter-high Milad Tower was completed in 2007, and has become a landmark of the city of Tehran. The 270-meter pedestrian overpass of Tabiat Bridge is another landmark of the city,[8] which was designed by the award winning Leila Araghian and was completed in 2014.

Tehran County borders Shemiranat County to the north, Damavand County to the east, Eslamshahr, Pakdasht, and Rey counties to the south, and Karaj and Shahriar counties to the west.

The City of Tehran is divided into 22 municipal districts, each with its own administrative center. 20 of the 22 municipal districts are located in Tehran County's Central District, while the districts 1 and 20 are respectively located in Shemiranat and Ray counties.

Tehran

North: District 1: izar Dar Abad Darake Darband Damaran Velenjak Gejtarije Nobonjad Tadri Zafaranije District 2: Farahzad Shahrara Gia Punak-e Bahtari Sadat Abad Sadegije ahrak-e Garb ahrak-e andarmeri Tarat Tovhid District 3: Darus Davudije Ehtijarije Golhak Vanak ordan District 5: Bulvar-e Firdusi Danat Abad Ekbatan Punak District 6: Amir Abad Arantin Jusef Abad Park-e Lale

East: District 4: Khak Sefid Hakimije Lavizan Ozgol Pasdaran Resalat ams Abad emiran No Tehranpars Zargande District 7: Abas Abad Behdat Abad Emam Hosein Sabalan District 8: Moalem Narmak Samangan Nezam Abad District 13: Duan Tape Niru Havaji Teheran No Piroozi District 14: aharsad Dastgah Dulab Esfahanak Horasan Sad Dastgah

Center: District 10: Berjanak Haft enar Salsabil District 11: Dohanijat Lakar Monirije ejh Hadi District 12: Baharestan Bazar-e Tehran Firdusi Gorgan Park-e ar Pi-e emiran District 17: Emamzade Hasan Hazane Falah Kale Morgi

South: District 15: Afsarije Bisim Havaran Kijanar Masudije Moirije District 16: Ali Abad Bag-e Azari Hazane Boharae Jahi Abad Javadieh Nazi Abad District 19: Abdol Abad Hava Niruz Nemat Abad District 20: Dovlat Abad Davanm.-e Kasab Ebn-e Babavejh Hazrat-e Abdol-Azim Sizdah-e Aban

West: District 9: Dej Sar-Asjab District 18: ahar Bari Jaft Abad ad Abad ahrak-e Vali-Asr Tolid Daru District 21: Iran Hodro Tehransar Vardavard District 22: Bag-e Had-Sejf Kan Kuj-e Sazman-e Barname Parc itgar Pejkanar Stadium-e Azadi ahrak-e eme ahrak-e Rah-Ahan ahrak-e Omid

Northern Tehran is the wealthiest region of the city, consisting of various smaller districts from northeast to northwest, such as Zaferanie, Jordan, Elahie, Kamranie, Ajodanie, Farmanie, Darrous, Qeytarie, and Qarb Town.[25][26]

Tehran features a semi-arid climate (Kppen climate classification: BSk) with continental climate characteristics and a Mediterranean climate precipitation pattern. Tehran's climate is largely defined by its geographic location, with the towering Alborz Mountains to its north and the central desert to the south. It can be generally described as mild in the spring and autumn, hot and dry in the summer, and cold and wet in the winter.

Because the city is large with significant differences in elevation among various districts, the weather is often cooler in the hilly north than in the flat southern part of Tehran. For instance, the 17.3km (10.7mi) Valiasr Street runs from Tehran's railway station at 1,117m (3,665ft) elevation above sea level in the south of the city to the Tajrish Square, and at 1,612m (5,289ft) elevation above sea level in the north.[citation needed] However, the elevation can even rise up to 1,900m (6,200ft) at the end of the Velenjak Street in the north of Tehran.

Summer is long, hot and dry with little rain, but relative humidity is generally low. Average high temperatures are between 35 and 40C (95 and 104F), and at nights it rarely drops below 23C (73F). Most of the light annual precipitation occurs from late autumn to mid-spring, but no one month is particularly wet. The hottest month is July, with a mean minimum temperature of 26C (79F) and a mean maximum temperature of 36C (97F), and the coldest is January, with a mean minimum temperature of 1C (30F) and a mean maximum temperature of 8C (46F).[27]

The weather of Tehran can sometimes be unpredictably harsh. The record high temperature is 43C (109F) and the record low is 17C (1F). On January 5 and 6, 2008, after years of relatively little snow, a wave of heavy snow and low temperatures covered the city in a thick layer of snow and ice, forcing the Council of Ministers to officially declare a state of emergency and close down the capital on January 6 and 7.[28]

Tehran has seen an increase in relative humidity and annual precipitation since the beginning of the 21st century. This is most likely because of the afforestation projects, which also include expanding parks and lakes. The northern parts of Tehran are still more lush than the southern parts.

In February 2005, heavy snow covered all of the parts of the city. Snow depth was 15cm (6in) in south part of the city and 100cm (39in) in the north of city. A newspaper said it had been the worst weather for 34 years. 10,000 bulldozers and 13,000 municipal workers deployed to keep the main roads open.[30][31]

On February 3, 2014, Tehran reached a heavy snowfall, specifically in the northern parts of the city, with a height of 2 meters. Within the one week successive snowfall roads were made impassable in some areas in north of Tehran along with a temperature variety of -8C to -16C [32]

On June 3, 2014, a severe thunderstorm with powerful microbursts created a haboob that engulfed the city in sand and dust. Five people were killed and more than 57 injured. This disaster also knocked numerous trees and power lines down. It struck between 5 and 6 PM, plummteing temperatures from 33C to 19C in just an hour. The dramatic temperature drop was accompanied by wind gusts reaching nearly 118km/h. [33]

A plan to move the capital has been discussed many times in prior years, due mainly to the environmental issues of the region. Tehran is rated as one of the worlds most polluted cities, and is also located near two major fault lines.

The city suffers from severe air pollution. 80% of the city's pollution is due to cars.[34] The remaining 20% is due to industrial pollution. Other estimates suggest that motorcycles alone account for 30% of air and 50% of sound pollution in Tehran.[35]

In 2010, the government announced that "for security and administrative reasons, the plan to move the capital from Tehran has been finalized."[36] The Iranian Parliament named Shahroud, Esfahan and Semnan as three of the main candidates to replace Tehran as the capital. There are plans to relocate 163 state firms to the provinces and several universities from Tehran to avoid damages from a potential earthquake.[36][37]

The officials are engaged in a battle to reduce air pollution. It has, for instance, encouraged taxis and buses to convert from petrol engines to engines that run on compressed natural gas. Furthermore, the government has set up a "Traffic Zone" covering the city center during peak traffic hours. Entering and driving inside this zone is only allowed with a special permit.

There have also been plans to raise people's awareness about the hazards of the pollution. One method that is currently being employed is the installation of Pollution Indicator Boards all around the city to monitor the current level of particulate matter (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO).

The city of Tehran had a population of approximately 7.8 million in 2006[38] With its cosmopolitan atmosphere, Tehran is home to diverse ethnic and linguistic groups from all over the country. The native language of the city is the Tehrani accent of the Persian language, and the majority of people in Tehran identify themselves as Persians.[10][39] However, historically, the original native dialect of the TehranRey region is not Persian, which is linguistically Southwest Iranian and originates in Fars (Pars) in the south of the country, but a (now extinct) Northwest Iranian dialect belonging to the Central Iranian group.[40]

Ethnic Azerbaijanis form by far the largest minority of the city, comprising about 25%[41] to 1/3,[42][43] of its total population. Other ethnic minority groups include Kurds, Armenians, Georgians, Bakhtiaris, Talysh people, Baloch people, Assyrians, Arabs, Jews and Circassians.

According to a 2010 census conducted by the Sociology Department of Tehran University, in many districts of Tehran across various socio-economic classes in proportion to population sizes of each district and socio-economic class, 63% of people in Tehran were born in Tehran, 98% know Persian, 75% identify themselves as ethnic Persian, and 13% have some degree of proficiency in a European language.[44]

Tehran saw a drastic change in its ethno-social composition in the early 1980s. After the political, social and economic consequences of the 1979 Revolution and the years that followed, some Iranian citizens, mostly Tehranis, left Iran due to the pressures. The majority of Iranian emigrations have left for the United States, France, Germany, Sweden, and Canada.

With the start of the IranIraq War (19801988) following the Iraqi invasion, a second wave of inhabitants fled the city, especially during Iraqi air offensives on the capital. With most major powers backing Iraq at the time, economic isolation gave yet more reason for many inhabitants to leave the city (and the country). Having left all they had and having struggled to adapt to a new country and build a life, most of them never came back when the war was over. During the war, Tehran also received a great number of migrants from the west and the southwest of the country bordering Iraq.

The unstable situation and the war in neighboring Afghanistan and Iraq prompted a rush of refugees into the country who arrived in their millions, with Tehran being a magnet for many seeking work, who subsequently helped the city to recover from war wounds, working for far less pay than local construction workers. Many of these refugees are being repatriated with the assistance of UNHCR but there are still sizable groups of Afghan and Iraqi refugees in Tehran who are reluctant to leave, being pessimistic about the situation in their own countries. Afghan refugees are mostly Persian speaking Hazara or Tajik people, speaking a dialect of Persian, and Iraqi refugees are mainly Mesopotamian Arabic speakers who are often of Iranian origin.

The majority of Tehranis are officially Twelver Shia Muslims, which has also been the state religion since the Safavid conversion of Iran. Other religious communities in the city include followers of the Sunni and Mystic branches of Islam, various Christian denominations, Judaism, Zoroastrianism and the Baha'i Faith.

There are many religious centers scattered around the city from old to newly built centers, including mosques, churches, synagogues and Zoroastrian fire temples.

The city has also a very small number of third generation Indian Sikhs that have a local gurudwara that was visited by the Indian Prime Minister in 2012.[45]

Tehran is the economic center of Iran.[46] About 30% of Iran's public-sector workforce and 45% of its large industrial firms are located in the city and almost half of these workers are employed by the government.[47] Most of the remainder of workers are factory workers, shopkeepers, laborers and transport workers.

Few foreign companies operate in Tehran because of the government's complex international relations. But before the 1979 Revolution, many foreign companies were active in this region.[48] Today, many modern industries in the city include the manufacturing of automobiles, electronics and electrical equipment, weaponry, textiles, sugar, cement and chemical products. It is also a leading center for the sale of carpets and furniture. There is an oil refinery near Rey, south of the metropolitan Greater Tehran.

Tehran has had four airports. Mehrabad International Airport and Imam Khomeini International Airport are the remaining active ones. Dushan Tappe Airbase is closed and the former Qale Morqi Airbase has been converted into an amusement park named Velayat Park.

Tehran relies heavily on private cars, buses, motorcycles and taxis, and is one of the most car-dependent cities in the world. The Tehran Stock Exchange, which is a full member of the Federation Internationale des Bourses de Valeurs (FIBV) and a founding member of the Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges, has been one of the world's best performing stock exchanges in recent years.[49]

Tehran has a wide range of shopping centers from traditional bazaars to modern shopping malls. The Grand Bazaar of Tehran and the Bazaar of Tajrish are the biggest old bazaars in Tehran. Shopping districts such as Valiasr, Shariati, and Mirdamad have a wide range of different shops. A few of the well known malls across the city include Tiraje and Hyperstar, and smaller shopping centers such as Tandis, Golestan, Palladium Mall, 7center and Safavie.

Most of the international branded stores and upper class shops are located in the northern and western parts of the city, while the rest of the shopping centers are located across the city. Tehran's retail business is growing with several newly built malls and shopping centers.

Tehran, as one of the main tourist locations in Iran, has a wealth of cultural attractions. It is home to royal complexes built during the two last monarchical periods of the country, including the Golestan, Sa'dabad and Niavaran complexes.

There are several historic, artistic and scientific museums in Tehran, such as the National Museum, Malek Museum, Ferdows Garden, Glassware and Ceramics Museum, Museum of the Qasr Prison, the Carpet Museum, Museum of Glass Painting (vitrai art) and the Safir Office Machines Museum. There is also the Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art in which works of famous artists such as Van Gogh, Pablo Picasso and Andy Warhol are featured.

Tehran is also home to the Iranian Imperial Crown Jewels, claimed to be the largest jewel collection in the world. The collection comprises a set of crowns and thrones, some 30 tiaras, numerous aigrettes, jewel studded swords and shields, a vast amount of precious loose gems, as well as the largest collections of emeralds, rubies and diamonds in the world. It also includes other items collected by the Shahs of Iran. The imperial crown jewels are on display at the Central Bank of Iran.

Tehran International Book Fair is known to the international publishing world as one of the most important publishing events in Asia.[50]

The metropolis of Tehran is equipped with a network of highways and interchanges.[51]

While the center of the city houses the government ministries and headquarters, the commercial centers are more located toward Valiasr Street, Taleghani Ave, and Beheshti Ave further north. Although administratively separate, Rey, Shemiran, and Karaj are often considered part of the larger Tehran metropolitan area.

A number of streets in Tehran are named after international figures, including:

According to the head of Tehran Municipality's Environment and Sustainable Development Office, Tehran was designed to have a capacity of about 700,000 cars but currently more than 5 million cars are on the roads.[52] The automation industry has recently developed but international sanctions influence the production processes periodically.[53]

Tehran's transport system includes conventional buses, trolleybuses and the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT). Buses have served the city since the 1920s. There are four bus terminals that also provide connections at low rates.[clarification needed] The terminals are located on the south, east, and west, and Bei-haqi Park-Drive.

The trolleybus system opened in 1992, using a fleet of 65 articulated trolleybuses built by koda.[54] This was the first trolleybus system in Iran and remains the country's only such system.[54] In 2005, trolleybuses were operating on five routes, all starting at Imam Hossein Square[55] near Imam Hossein Station on the Tehran Metro Line 2. Two routes running northeastwards operate almost entirely in a segregated busway located in the middle of the wide carriageway (along Damavand Street), stopping only at purpose built stops located about every 500 metres along the routes, effectively making these routes trolleybus-BRT (but they are not called such). The other three trolleybus routes run south from Imam Hossein Square and operate in mixed-traffic. Both route sections are served by limited-stop services and local (making all stops) services.[55] A 3.2-km extension from Shoosh Square to Rah Ahan Square and the railway station there opened in March 2010.[56]

Tehran Bus Rapid Transit was officially inaugurated in 2008 by Tehran's mayor of the time, Mohammad Baqer Qalibaf. BRT has three lines with 60 stations in different areas of the city. As of 2011[update], BRT had a network of 100 kilometres (62 miles), transporting 1.8 million passengers on a daily basis. The city has also developed a bicycle sharing system that includes 12 hubs in one of Tehran's districts.[57]

Tehran has a central railway station that connects services round the clock to various cities in the country, along with a TehranEurope train line also running.

The feasibility study and conceptual planning of the construction of Tehran's subway system were started in the 1970s. The first two of the eight projected metro lines were opened in 2001.

Tehran is served by the international airports of Mehrabad and Khomeini. Mehrabad Airport, an old airport in Western Tehran that doubles as a military base, is mainly used for domestic and charter flights. Imam Khomeini Airport, located 50 kilometres (31 miles) south of the city, handles the main international flights.

There are over 2,100 parks within the metropolis of Tehran,[58] with one of the oldest being Jamshidieh Park, which was first established as a private garden for the Qajar prince Jamshid Davallu and was then dedicated to the last empress of Iran, Farah Diba. The total green space within Tehran stretches over 12,600 hectares, covering over 20 percent of the city's area.

The Parks and Green Spaces Organization of Tehran was established in 1960. It is responsible for the protection of the urban nature present in the city.[59]

Tehran's Birds Garden is the largest bird park of Iran. There is also a zoo located on the TehranKaraj Expressway, housing over 290 species within an area of about five hectares.[60]

There are four parks in Tehran established exclusively for women, totaling about 80 hectares in area,[58] in which the female mandatory dress codes are not required.

Tehran is the largest and most important educational center of Iran. There are a total of nearly 50 major colleges and universities in Greater Tehran.

Since the establishment of Dar ol Fonun by the order of Amir Kabir in the mid-19th century, Tehran has amassed a large number of institutions of higher education. Some of these institutions have played crucial roles in the unfolding of Iranian political events. Samuel M. Jordan, whom Jordan Avenue in Tehran was named after, was also one of the founding pioneers of the American College of Tehran.

Among major educational institutions located in Tehran, Sharif University of Technology, University of Tehran, and Tehran University of Medical Sciences are the most prestigious universities of Iran. Allameh Tabatabaei University, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), K.N.Toosi University of Technology, Shahid Beheshti University (Melli University), Kharazmi University, Iran University of Science and Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Shahed University and Tarbiat Modarres University are among the other universities of Iran located in Tehran.

Tehran is also home to Iran's largest military academy, and several religious schools and seminaries.

The oldest surviving architectural monuments of the city are from the Qajar and Pahlavi eras. Although, considering the area of Greater Tehran, monuments dating back to the Seljuk era remain as well; notably the Toqrol Tower. There are also remains of Rashkan Castle, dating back to the ancient Arsacid era, of which some artefacts are housed at the National Museum.[61]

Tehran only had a small population until the late 18th century, but began to take a more considerable role in Iranian society after it was chosen as the capital city. Despite the regular occurrence of earthquakes during the Qajar period and after, some historic buildings have remained from that era.[62]

See the rest here:
Tehran - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Irni Iszlm Kztrsasg (Dzsomhuri-je Iszlmi-je Irn) Nemzeti mott: (perzsa) (Esztegll, zdi, dzsomhuri-je iszlmi) Fggetlensg, szabadsg, iszlm kztrsasg Nemzeti himnusz: Szorud-e melli-je dzsomhuri-je iszlmi Fvrosa Tehern . sz. 35 41, k. h. 51 2535.683333333333, 51.416666666667 Legnagyobb vros Tehern llamforma iszlm kztrsasg Vezetk Legfels vezet Ali Hmenei Elnk Hasszn Rohani Hivatalos nyelv perzsa Beszlt nyelvek azeri, trk, kurd Egyests i. e. 625 Iszlm kztrsasg kikiltsa 1979. prilis 1. Tagsg ENSZ, IMF, OIC, OPEC Npessg Npszmlls szerint 77447168 f (2013)[1] Rangsorban 17 Becslt 78 192 200 f(2014. jlius) Rangsorban 17 Npsrsg 48 f/km GDP 2016. (forrs: IMF) sszes 419,643 millird dollr(29) PPP: 816,839 millird dollr Egy fre jut 5246 dollr(85) PPP: 11 209 dollr HDI(2008.) 0,777(84)kzepes Fldrajzi adatok Terlet 1 648 195 km Rangsorban 18 Vz 0,7% Idzna teherni id (UTC+3:30) teherni nyri id (UTC+4:30) Egyb adatok Az adatok megjelentshez kattints a kinyit hivatkozsra. Pnznem irni ril(IRR) Nemzetkzi gpkocsijel IR Hvszm 98 Seglyhv telefonszm Internet TLD .ir Villamos hlzat 220 volt Elektromos csatlakoz Kzlekeds irnya jobb

Irn (perzsul ), hivatalos nevn az Irni Iszlm Kztrsasg (perzsul ), rgebbi elnevezssel Perzsia kzel-keleti orszg Dlnyugat-zsiban. Az Egyeslt Nemzetek Szervezete, az OPEC, az Iszlm Konferencia Szervezete s az ENKM alapt tagja.

Noha az orszgot a helyiek mr legalbb az Akhaimenida-idszak ta Irnknt is ismerik, nyugaton 1935-ig csak a Perzsia elnevezssel illettk. 1959-ben Mohammad Reza Pahlavi irni sah bejelentette, hogy mindkt megnevezs hasznlhat. A Homeini ajatollah vezette 1979-es forradalmat kveten az orszg hivatalos neve Irni Iszlm Kztrsasg (perzsul ) lett, amely llamformja szerint teokratikus (iszlm) kztrsasg.

Az Irn () sz si formja az Arianm, amely elnevezssel Irn vagy Perzsia npe orszgt egykor nevezte (elszr a szsznida idszakban). E kifejezs mellett az Ernsahr kifejezs is hasznlatban volt. Az arianm az Indoirni npek sz tbbes szma, melynek jelentse gy "Az rjk fldje".

A Perzsia kifejezst az eurpai orszgok hasznltk az orszg jellsre az perzsa Birodalom akhaimenida dinasztija ta, az i. e. 6. szzadtl. Elssorban a grg trtnetrk hasznltk elszeretettel a Persis () kifejezst, amelynek jelentse "A perzsk orszga".

Irn a kzel-keleti trsg msodik legnagyobb terlet orszga, terlete 1 648 195km2. Szomszdai szakon rmnyorszg, Azerbajdzsn, a Kaszpi-tenger, valamint Trkmenisztn, keleten Afganisztn s Pakisztn, dlen az Omni-bl s a Perzsa-bl, nyugaton pedig Irak s Trkorszg.

Terletnek kzponti rszt sivatagos, illetve sztyepp-bortotta, mocsarakkal, ss tavakkal tarktott felfld teszi ki, amelyhez szakon a Kaszpi-tenger partjn hzd Alborz, dlnyugaton pedig a Zagrosz-hegysg lncai kapcsoldnak.

Irn terlett az Irni-fennsk s a fennskot kzrefog, az Eurzsiai-hegysgrendszer rszt kpez hegysglncok (Zagrosz, Alborz s ms hegysgek) alkotjk.

A fennsk medenci keleten rszben ss tavakkal kitlttt sivatagok, a nyugatabbra elhelyezked fennski terleteken azonban a nagyobb csapadkmennyisg sztyeppe kialakulst eredmnyezte.

Irn kt legnagyobb hegysglnca az szakon hzd Alborz s a nyugaton hzd Zagrosz. Az Alborz s egyben Irn legmagasabb pontja a Tehern kzelben tallhat Damvand (5771 m). A Zagrosz legmagasabb cscsa a 4409 m magas Dena.

Nagyobb sksgok az Irni-fennskon s a peremhegysgeken kvl tallhatk, elssorban a Kaszpi-tenger, valamint a Perzsa- s az Omni-bl partvidkn.

Irntl szakra tallhat a Kaszpi-tenger, tle dlre a Perzsa-bl s az Omni-bl. A kedveztlen ghajlati felttelek miatt a szrazfldn nem alakultak ki hossz, bviz folyk. Egyetlen hajzhat mret folyja a Karun, amely dlen a Perzsa-blbe torkoll Satt el-Arab (ms nven Arvand Rd) folyhoz csatlakozik. Nagyobb llvz az orszgban az szaknyugaton tallhat Urmia-t, valamint a keleti orszgrsz nhny nagyobb ss mocsara, mint pldul a Dast-e Kavir s a Dast-e Lut.

Irn ghajlata vltozatos, tbb ghajlati gv egyszerre jelen van terletn.

Legszrazabbak a mrskelt vi sivatagi ghajlat uralta fennski medenck, elssorban a keleti rszek, ahov a nedvessget hoz szl nem jut el. Itt valdi sivatagok alakultak ki. A csapadk valamivel tbb a fennsk nyugati rszn, amely ebbl fakadan srbben lakott. Az ves csapadkmennyisg helyenknt 200mm alatti. A nyr forr s szraz, az tlaghmrsklet meghaladja a 38 fokot.

Dl-Irnban a Perzsa-bl s az Omni-bl parti sksgain a nyr nagyon forr s prs, a tl pedig enyhe. Az vi csapadkmennyisg 135355mm kztti.

Az orszg szaki peremn, a Kaszpi-tenger sksgn a tl szintn enyhe, a hmrsklet ritkn esik fagypont al. A nyri hmrsklet ltalban nem haladja meg a 29 fokot. A sksg keleti rszn az vi csapadkmennyisg 680mm, a nyugati rszn meghaladja az 1000mm-t. Itt nedves, szubtrpusi klma alakult ki.

A hegyvidken kontinentlis ghajlat uralkodik, magashegysgi ghajlati jegyek jellemzk. A Zagrosz medenciben alacsonyabb a hmrsklet, tlen a napi tlaghmrsklet fagypont alatt marad, sok a h.

Erdk

Erds sztyeppe

Fves sztyeppe

Flsivatagos terlet

Sivatag

Ss rtri mocsr

ghajlati s domborzati vltozkonysga folytn Irn nvny- s llatvilga is vltozatos.

Az orszg egytized rszt bortjk erdk. Az erdalkot fa tpust az ghajlati s domborzati viszonyok befolysoljk. Legkiterjedtebb erdssggel a Kaszpi-tenger menti rgi rendelkezik, ahol a jellemz erdalkotk a tlgy, kris, szilfa s a klnbz ciprusflk.

Fbb emlsllatai: medvk, gazellk, vaddisznk, farkasok, nagymacskaflk (eurzsiai hiz, zsiai geprd, perzsa leoprd), vadtevk, vadkecskk, saklok. Az zsiai geprd kihalflben van, vente alig pr pldnyt regisztrlnak belle Irn szerte.

Legfbb hziastott llatai: birka, kecske, szamr, teve, szarvasmarha, vzibivaly, l.

Irnban is kialakult a termszetvdelem soklpcss rendszere vannak nemzeti parkok, vdett erdk, llatrezervtumok, vdett tjak, termszetvdelmi terletek.[2]

2016-ban az UNESCO termszeti vilgrksgg nyilvntotta a Lut-sivatagot a VII. s VIII. kritriumok alapjn.[3]

Trtnelem eltti rgszeti lelhelyek tucatjai szerte az irni fennskon mutatjk, hogy az i. e. IV. vezredben mr si kultrk s vrosias teleplsek lteztek, vszzadokkal a kzeli Mezopotmia legkorbbi civilizcii eltt.

Az indoirniakbl akkoriban vltak el az elirni npek. Az rja (elirni) trzsek az i. e. III. s II. vezredben rkeztek az Irni-fennskra, valsznleg tbb hullmban. k nomdok voltak akkoriban. Ksbb az elirniak nyugati s keleti csoportra vltak szt. Az i. e. I. vezredben a nyugati csoporthoz a mdek, perzsk, baktriaiak s a parthusok tartoztak, mg a kimmerek, szarmatk s alnok (a jszok eldei), szktk a Fekete-tengertl szakra lv pusztkon ltek. Ms trzsek keleten telepedtek le, szllsterletk messze benylt az indiai szubkontinens szaknyugati hegyvidki hatrterletre egszen a mai Beludzsisztnig. Megint ms trzsek messze nyugaton a Balknon ltek, mint a szktk, vagy messze keleten, Hszincsiangban. Az avesztainak nevezett keleti irni nyelven rtk a zoroasztrista valls szent irata, az Aveszta i. e. 1000 krl. Ez himnuszokat s trvnyeket tartalmaz. A zoroasztrinizmus volt az Akhaimenida Birodalom s az azt kvet irni birodalmak llamvallsa a 7. szzadig.

A mdek egyestettk elszr Irnt (i. e. 625559), legnagyobb kirlyuk, Nagy Krosz pedig a mdek s perzsk egyestsvel ltrehozta az Akhaimenida Birodalmat (i. e. 559330). Krosz halla utn legidsebb fia, II. Kambszsz folytatta a hdtsokat. Egyiptomot is meghdtotta. Kambszsz halla utn trnviszly trt ki, amelybl a kirlyi csald tvoli rokona, Dareiosz (i. e. 522486) kerlt ki gyztesen. t tekintik az kori Irn legjelentsebb uralkodjnak.

Krosz s Dareiosz uralkodsa alatt a Perzsa (Irni) Birodalom az addigi trtnelem legnagyobb s leghatalmasabb birodalma volt. A birodalom hatrai keleten az Indus s Amu-darja folykig, nyugaton a Fldkzi-tengerig terjedtek, belertve Anatlit (a mai Trkorszgot) s Egyiptomot. I. e. 494-ben az athniak tmogattk a miltosziak lzadst, az eredmny Szardeisz kirablsa lett. Ez vltotta ki a perzsk grgk elleni hadjratait az i. e. 5. szzad els felben a grgperzsa hborkat. Ezekben a hborkban a perzsk rtek el jelentkeny sikereket, mg Athnt is leromboltk i. e. 480-ban, de vgl a grgk gyztek s visszavonulsra knyszertettk a perzskat. A harcok i. e. 449-ben rtek vget.

Nagy Sndor i. e. 334-ben tmadta meg az Akhaimenida Birodalmat, utols uralkodjt i. e. 333-ban gyzte le az isszoszi csatban. Ezt kveten i. e. 328327-ben elfoglalta teljes terlett. A birodalom rszeinek lre sajt tisztjeit lltotta, ezzel elksztve a birodalom sztesst, ami halla utn kvetkezett be. Az jraegyestsre majdnem 700 vet kellett vrni. Nagy Sndor birodalmnak utdllamait, gy a szeleukidk majd az ket kvet arszakidk llamt is, a vazallus uralkodk rendszere jellemezte. A szsznidk korban azonban ismt az akhaimenidkhoz hasonlan kormnyzkat (modern perzsa nyelven: shahrab) nevezett ki az uralkod, ami ltal kzvetlenl rvnyeslt a kzponti hatalom akarata. Nagy Sndor, majd az t kvet ksbbi idegen dinasztik uralma alatt is fejldtt s perzsa jelleg maradt a trsadalom.

Az i. e. 3. szzad vgtl kezdve az arszakida dinasztia ltal vezetett Prtus Birodalom legyzte a szeleukida birodalmat s uralma alatt egyestette az irni felfldet, majd uralma alatt tartotta Mezopotmit i. e. 150 s i. sz. 224 kztt. Ez volt az kori Irn harmadik bennszltt dinasztija, t vszzadon t maradt hatalmon. Mdia, Asszria, Babilnia s Elm meghdtsa utn a prthusok megszerveztk birodalmukat. Ezekben az orszgokban a korbbi elit grg volt, az j uralkodk tvettk szoksaikat, ha az clszernek ltszott uralmuk szempontjbl. Vgeredmnyben a vrosok megtartottk korbbi jogaikat s a polgri kzigazgats tbb-kevsb srtetlenl kerlt prthus irnyts al.

Parthia a Rmai Birodalom sellensge volt keleten, megakadlyozta a rmaiak terjeszkedst kelet fel. A prthusok pnclozott nehzlovassgot (kataphrakt lovassg) s knnyebb felszerels, de mozgkonyabb lovas jszok alkalmazsval 300 ven t lltak ellent Rmnak. I. e. 36-ban nevezetes rmai hadvezr, Marcus Antonius katasztroflis hadjratot vezetett a prthusok ellen. 32000 embert vesztett el. Augustus rmai csszr idejn Rma s Parthia bizonyos vits krdseket diplomciai ton rendezett. Ekkor szolgltatta vissza Parthia azokat a lgijelvnyeket, amelyeket Marcus Antoniustl, illetve i. e. 53-ban a katasztroflis Carrhae-i csatban Crassustl zskmnyolt.

A Parthus Birodalom 224-ben bukott el, amikor a rosszul szervezett birodalom utols kirlya veresget szenvedett sajt vazallustl, Ardasrtl. I. Ardasr a Szsznida Birodalom alaptja. Megkezdte a birodalom gazdasgi s katonai jjszervezst. A szsznida birodalmat az akhaimenida mintjra szerveztk jj. A birodalmat az "rjk birtoknak" hvtk, fvrosa Ktsziphon volt. A rmaiak sorozatos veresget szenvedtek tlk.

632-ben kezdtk az Arab-flszigetrl rkez portyzk tmadni a Szsznida birodalmat.

A Prthus, majd a Szsznida birodalom idejn a Selyemton foly kereskedelem jelents szerepet jtszott Kna, Egyiptom, Mezopotmia, Perzsia, az indiai szubkontinens orszgai s Rma fejldsben, ezltal elsegtette a modern vilg megalapozst. Bizonyos prthus intzmnyekben kimutathat a klasszikus grgsg befolysa s keletiv alaktsa. A prthusok ptszeti jtsai befolysoltk az eurpai romn stlus ptszetet. A szsznidk idejn Irn kapcsolatai Knig rtek, virgzott a mvszet, a zene s az ptszet.

Az iszlm hdts utn Irnt az Omajjd Kaliftusba tagoltk be. Az iszlamizci mlyrehat vltozsokat okozott a kultrban, a tudomnyban s az irni trsadalom szerkezetben: a felvirgz perzsa irodalom, filozfia, orvostudomny s mvszet az jonnan alakul muszlim civilizci lnyeges eleme lett. Kulturlis, politikai s vallsi tren az irni hozzjruls az j muszlim civilizcihoz rendkvl fontos. Mindezek kvetkezmnye Irn muszlim aranykora.

Egy irni hadvezr, Abu Muszlim elzte az omajjdokat Damaszkuszbl s segtette az abbszida kalifkat Bagdad meghdtsban. Az abbszida kalifk vezreket neveztek ki az irniak fl, ezek az irni kormnyzk jelentkeny autonmira tettek szert. 822-ben Khoraszn kormnyzja, Tahir fggetlenn nyilvntotta magt s megalaptotta a thiridk j perzsa dinasztijt. Az ezt kvet szmnida rban Irn megvdte s megerstette fggetlensgt.

Irnban sohasem sikerlt az arabizls. Volt erre trekvs, de az csak megerstette az irniak elszntsgt, hogy megvjk fggetlensgket az arab hdtktl. A nemzeti dinasztik alatt kulturlis virgzs a 9. s 10. szzadban tartott. E korszak legjelentsebb hatsa, hogy folytatdott a perzsa nyelv hasznlata, amely a mai napig Irn hivatalos nyelve. Firdausz, Irn legjelentsebb eposznak szerzje, mindmig a legfontosabb szemly a perzsa nyelv fenntartsban. Az iszlm hdts utni irni filozfia kapcsolatban llt az irni, az grg s a fejld muszlim filozfival. Perzsia e korbl szrmaz filozfiai hagyomnya az okkult s transzcendentlis filozfia.

A 11. szzadban, Mahmd al-Gazn megalaptotta a kiterjedt Gaznavida Birodalmat, amelynek fvrosai Iszfahn s az afganisztni Gazna (ma Gazni) voltak. Utdai, a szeldzsukok a Fldkzi-tenger s a Kzp-zsia kztti trsg legjelentsebb hatalma voltak. Ebben az idszakban tudsok szzai jelentsen hozzjrultak a mszaki ismeretek, a tudomny s az orvosls fejldshez. Ez a ksbbiekben befolysolta az emelked Eurpa tudomnyt a renesznsz korig.

1218-ban a keleti tartomnyokat elpuszttotta Dzsingisz kn betrse. Ez volt a mongol hdts kezdete. 1220 s 1260 kztt Irn lakossga 2500000-rl 200000-re cskkent a tmeges kivgzsek s az hnsg kvetkeztben. Dzsingisz kn unokja, Hleg kn azt lltotta IX. Lajos francia kirlyhoz rt levelben, hogy betrse Irnba s a Kaliftusba 200000 halottat okozott. A pusztuls akkora volt, hogy sok vros a 20. szzadig nem rte el a mongol betrs eltti lakossgt, vagyis nyolc vszzadon t. De Hleg kn, Timur Lenk s utdaik tvettk a meghdtottak szoksait s intzmnyeit, fennmaradt a klnll perzsa kultra.

Az els irni sita iszlm llamot a Szafavida-dinasztia (15011722) els tagja, Iszmil sah alaptotta. A szafavida dinasztia jelents politikai hatalom volt, szmos ktoldal llamkzi szerzds rszese. A szafavidk hatalmuk cscst Nagy Abbsz uralkodsa idejn rtk el. A dinasztia gyakran kerlt sszetkzsbe a trkkkel, az zbg trzsekkel s a portuglokkal. Uralmuk alatt Iszfahnban kszltek az irni iparmvszet trtnetnek eszttikai szempontbl legbecsesebb darabjai. Szigoran kzpontostottk llamukat, ksrletet tettek a hadgy modernizlsra, sajtos ptszeti stlus jelzi uralmuk idejt. 1722-ben afgn lzadk legyztk Szultn Huszajn sahot, ezzel elbukott a szafavida dinasztia. 1735-ben Ndir sah kiszortotta az afgnokat Iszfahnbl. 1738-ban betrt Indiba, ekkor zskmnyolta a Pvatrnt, a Koh-e-Noor s Darya-e-Noor gymntot, az irni kirlyi kincstr keit. Uralma nem volt hossz, 1747-ben meggyilkoltk. t 1750-ben a Zand-dinasztia kvette, alaptja Karim kn volt, fvrosa pedig Sirz. Uralmukat viszonylagos bke s virgzs jellemezte. E dinasztinak hrom uralkodja volt. Az utolst 1794-ben kivgeztette Aga Muhammad kn, a Kdzsr-dinasztia alaptja. a fvrost Tehernba tette t. Tehetsges kancellrja, Amir Kabir modern kzigazgatst vezetett be s ms modernizl reformokat kezdemnyezett. A Kdzsr rban Irn tbb hbort vvott az oroszokkal, amelyek eredmnyeknt Irn elvesztette terletnek csaknem felt Oroszorszg s a Brit Birodalom javra. Mgis, Irn kpes volt megrizni fggetlensgt, elkerlni a gyarmatostst. Az ismtld kls tmadsok s sajt korrupcija meggyengtette a Kdzsr dinasztit. 1906-ban alkotmnyos forradalom trt ki, sszehvtk az els orszggylst, bevezettk az alkotmnyos kirlysgot.

1921-ben az ertlen kormnyt brit sztnzsre egy Atatrkt pldakpnek tart tiszt, Reza Pahlavi megdnttte, s 1925-ben sahh kiltatta ki magt, megbuktatva a Kdzsrokat. Az 1941-ig regnl Pahlavi a trk reformokat kvnta tltetni Irnba, ezrt kemnyen harcolt a klfldiek ltal felszerelt nomdok s a befolysos sita egyhz ellen. Nevhez fzdik az els irni egyetem megalaptsa, a ktelez kzoktats elrendelse, a vezetknvhasznlat ktelezv ttele, az llami hadsereg megteremtse s erltetett felduzzasztsa, valamint az j, bolgrbelga mintj alkotmny, valamint a sart felvlt polgri s bntettrvnyknyvek bevezetse. Heves iszlmellenessge felttlen nyugatbartsgban, az kori pogny perzsa kultra fellesztsi ksrleteiben s a sita klrus elleni kegyetlen megtorlsokban csapdott le, amivel rendkvl npszertlenn vlt alattvali krben. Radsul diktatrikus kormnyzata az arisztokrcira tmaszkodott, ezrt a paraszti tmegek sorsa javtsa rdekben nem tett semmit.

1941-ben a britek s szovjetek megszlltk az orszgot, hogy a msodik vilghborban az irni vastkapacitst hasznljk, 1944-ben a nmetbart sahot pedig knyszertettk, hogy a fia, Mohamed Reza Pahlavi javra lemondjon. 1953-ban Irn miniszterelnkt, Mohammed Mosszadeket akit kt alkalommal is kpviselnek vlasztottak (1923 s 1944), majd 1951-tl az orszg miniszterelnke volt llamcsnnyel tvoltottk el a hatalombl. Ezt a brit s az amerikai titkosgynksgek szerveztk meg (Ajax-hadmvelet). J nhny trtnsz gy gondolja, hogy ez azrt trtnt, mert Moszaddek llamostotta Irn kolajkszleteit.

Moszaddek bukst kveten a sah egyre diktatrikusabban kormnyzott. Az Egyeslt llamok s az Egyeslt Kirlysg hathats tmogatst lvezve ugyan tovbb modernizlta az irni ipart, de eltiporta a polgri szabadsgjogokat. Uralma, melynek rsze volt a szisztematikus knzs, s ms emberi jogi megsrtse, vgl 1979-ben az irni forradalomba torkollott, melyben rezsimjt megdntttk. Klnbz csoportok tbb mint egy ves kzdelme utn vgl iszlm kztrsasg alakult Khomeini ajatollah vezetsvel, aki a tmegek tmogatst is lvezte.

Az j teokratikus politikai rendszer vallsi alap reformokat hajtott vgre, klpolitikjban nyugatellenes volt. Irn klnsen tvolsgtartv vlt az Egyeslt llamokkal szemben az 1953-as puccsban val rszvtele okn, amely megdnttt egy vlasztott kormnyt, hogy a sah elnyom rezsimjvel cserlje fel azt. Emellett Irn nyilatkozatot tett arrl, hogy nem ismeri el Izrael llam ltezst. Az j kormny tmogatott klnfle csoportokat, melyet a nyugati vilg nagy rsze fundamentalistaknt knyvel el. Ennek kvetkeztben nmely orszgok, kzttk az Amerikai Egyeslt llamok Irnt ellensges hatalomknt tartjk szmon mig.

1980-ban Irak megtmadta Irnt. A pusztt irakirni hbor 1988-ig folytatdott, egyik llam sem rte el cljt. Sok szzezren vesztettk letket, Irak tbbszr is bevetett vegyi fegyvert.

Nhny ve a demokratikus formkat rz politikai szerkezet j nhny reformista politikus megvlasztst tette lehetv, mint pldul a volt miniszterelnkt (Mohammad Khatami). A vita a reformistk s a konzervatvok kztt ma is folytatdik az orszg jvjrl, az iszlm rendszer keretein bell. A 2009-es vlasztsokon a konzervatv miniszterelnk-jellt megvlasztsnl felmerlt a vlasztsi csals lehetsge.[4][5][6][7] Ennek kapcsn zavargsok trtek ki.[8]

Rvid let llamalakulatok a 20. szzad sorn a mai Irn terletn: Giln, Mahabd, Npi Azerbajdzsn.

Lsd mg: Az irni kirlysgok teljes listja

A politikai rendszer alapjt kpez 1979-es alkotmny rgzti, hogy a legfbb hatalom az Irni Iszlm Kztrsasgban Isten, minlfogva az irni rendszer elnki teokratikus kztrsasgknt rtelmezhet.

Irn legmagasabb rang vallsi s politikai szemlyisge a Legfbb Vallsi Vezet, aki egyttal a fegyveres erk fparancsnoka is, s gyakorlatilag ellenrzst gyakorol mind a trvnyhoz, mind a vgrehajt, mind a bri hatalomra. jelli ki a 12 tag rk Tancsa hat egyhzjogszt, de kzvetve a hat jogi szakrt szemlynek kivlasztsra is befolysa van; br kzvetlenl a parlament vlasztja ki a jogi szakrtket, a jelltek listjt a Legfbb Vallsi Vezet ltal kijellt Legfbb Igazsggyi Mltsg lltja ssze. A Legfbb Vallsi Vezet szemlyt a Szakrtk Gylse vlasztja, akinek jogban ll indokolt esetben a Vezett meneszteni is.

Politikai rtelemben a Legfbb Vallsi Vezett utn a msodik legfontosabb szemly Irn politikai rendszerben a vgrehajti hatalmat gyakorl kztrsasgi elnk; szemlyt titkos szavazs tjn vlasztjk ngy vre, legfeljebb kt egymst kvet ciklusra. A kztrsasgi elnk nevezi ki a minisztereket, de a kinevezseket a parlamentnek is jv kell hagynia.

Irn legfbb trvnyhoz testlete a 270 tagot szmll Iszlm Nemzetgyls (parlament). Tagjait a np titkos szavazs tjn vlasztja ngy vre, ktforduls vlaszts tjn. A hozott trvnyeket az rk Tancsnak ratifiklnia kell.

Irnban az igazsgszolgltats ersen politikai befolys alatt ll. A Legfbb Igazsggyi Mltsgot s trvnyek vgrehajtsnak felgyeletrt felels Legfelsbb Brsg tagjait a Legfelsbb Vallsii Vezet nevezi ki. A Legfbb Igazsggyi Mltsg s a Legfelsbb Brsg bri vlasztjk ki a Legfelsbb Brsg elnkt s a Legfbb gyszt.

Irn harmincegy tartomnybl ll:

Gazdasga: agrr-ipari orszg.

2012-ben az Irnt sjt embarg miatt, nehezen tudnak dollrhoz s eurhoz jutni, ezrt jelentsen cskkentek a jegybanki devizatartalkok. Ennek kvetkeztben 2012. janur s szeptember kztt 60%-kal rtkeldtt le a ril. Ez v augusztusban 12260 ril volt az amerikai dollr hivatalos rfolyama, de a feketepiacon 25650 rilt kellett fizetni.[21] Oktber els kt napjn pedig 25%-ot vesztett a nemzeti valuta az rtkbl.[22]

2016. janur 16-n az Eurpai Uni s az Amerikai Egyeslt llamok vget vetett a gazdasgi szankciknak Irnnal szemben, miutn Nemzetkzi Atomenergia-gynksg jelentse szerint teljestettk a 2015-ben alrt megllapodsokat.[23]

A mezgazdasg fejldse felfel vel, ez elssorban az ntzs kiterjesztsnek tulajdonthat. Legfontosabb termesztett nvnyek: bza, rizs, gyapot, datolya, citrusflk.

A mezgazdasg szmra a Kaszpi-tenger mellett elterl termfldek a legrtkesebbek; itt gabonaflket, rizst, gyapotot, gymlcst s tet termesztenek.

Sokan foglalkoznak nomd kecske- s juhtenysztssel.

Erteljesen fejldtt a kolajfinomt-ipar (bdnban tallhat a vilg legnagyobb kolaj-finomtja) s a petrolkmia. Ms ipargai: vaskohszat, gpgyrts, gpkocsiipar, textilipar, bripar, elektrotechnika s lelmiszeripar.

A perzsasznyegszvs az irniak hagyomnyos foglalkozsa, vilgszerte hres.

Fontosabb svnykincsei a kolaj, a feketeszn, a vas- s sznesfmrcek.

Fbb kereskedelmi partnerek 2013-ban:[24]

Irn rendelkezik a vilg msodik legjelentsebb olaj- s gzkszletvel.[1] A jelenlegi kiaknzs mretei azonban messze elmaradnak a lehetsgektl, a Khomeini-idszak eltti termelsi szintektl. Irn olaj- s gzberendezsei elavultak, az iraki-irni hbor okozta krokat mg mindig nem hoztk rendbe, nem trtntek jelents j beruhzsok sem. Az amerikai bojkott, a nemzetkzi szankcik s a klfldi olajvllalatok tartzkodsa az j beruhzsoktl htrltatjk az j termel kapacitsok fejlesztst. Az irni atomprogram miatt kialakult konfliktus, a fejlett nyugati orszgok, gy Franciaorszg fokozatos kivonulshoz vezet. Irn a nyugati cgek helyett a fknt knai s az orosz energia-egyttmkdst helyezi eltrbe. 2004-ben Knval 70 millird dollr rtk hossz tv megllapodst kttt. Oroszorszggal kzs rdeke, hogy lehetsg szerint tvol tartsa ms orszgok nagyvllalatait a Kaszpi-tenger krnyknek olaj- s gzkszleteitl. Az irni elkpzelsek kztt szerepel a kaszpi-tengeri olaj- s gzkszletek kijuttatsa a dl-irni kiktkn keresztl a nemzetkzi piacokra. Irn rdekelt abban, hogy India kulcsfontossg, hossz tv energia-szlltjv vljk. Perspektvban szmt az eurpai piacokra is, amelyeket klnbz tvonal, jelenleg mg tervezsi szakaszban lv vezetkekkel, alternatv tvonalakon kvn elrni Szrin, Trkorszgon, Grgorszgon, Ukrajnn stb. keresztl. Tekintettel arra, hogy hatalmas gzkszletekkel rendelkezik, belthat idn bell a cseppfolystott gz egyik legfontosabb forrsv vlhat.

A Perzsa-bl partjn lv busheri atomermvet 2007-ben nyitottk meg. Ezen kvl szmos nukleris ltestmnye van. Szghnd kzelben urnrc-feldolgoz zemel. Guhane bnyakomplexum. Iszfahnban nukleris reprocesszl zemel. Arakban nehzvz-elllt mkdik. 2005. szn hmdinezsad kijelentette, hogy Irn folytatja atomprogramjt, a Nemzetkzi Atomenergia-gynksg tiltakozsa ellenre is. Donald Rumsfeld amerikai vdelmi miniszter fontolgatta az irni nukleris ltestmnyek elleni lgicsapst. Az irniak a kvetkezetessg hinyt srelmezik az USA nukleris politikjn. Irn alrta az atomsoromp-egyezmnyt, s hajlandak ellenrzs al vonni ltestmnyeiket, addig Izrael nem rta al ugyanezt. Ahmedinedzsd szmtalanszor kinyilvntotta, hogy el fogja trlni a Fld sznrl Izraelt, a zsid llamot, ellenrket pedig nem engedtek be atomltestmnyeikbe, amelyekben titkosszolglati forrsok szerint atomfegyver ellltsn fradoznak. A jelenlegi irni elnk kevsb harcos retorikt folytat, de tmogatja a trekvst Izrael elpuszttsra. Irnnak Oroszorszg is fejlett fegyverrendszereket szlltott az elmlt vekben.

Irn rott trtnete tbb ezer ves. Tbb ezer v alatt sokat ptkeztek. A kulturlis emlkek kzl vilgrksgg nyilvntotta az UNESCO[3] a kvetkezket:

Az irni atomprogramot az 1950-es vekben indtottk. Az orszg jelenlegi ltestmnyei kz tartozik szmos kutatreaktor, egy urnbnya, egy majdnem teljesen ksz atomreaktor, s egy urn feldolgoz zem, melynek a terletn urndstssal is foglalkoznak.

Az Irni rgynksg els, Sian-1 nev mholdjt 2006-ban indtotta el. 2007-ben egy rrakta indult tjra.[25] Clja az egyetemi hallgatk kutatsi munkjnak elmozdtsa s a tudomny fejlesztse volt.[26] Ksbb kifejlesztettk a Safir raktt, melynek segtsgvel 2009. februr 3-n Fld krli plyra lltottk az Omid mholdat.[27][28]

Nem hivatalos nemzeti szimblumok:

A megszokott dvzlsi forma a kzfogs, amely viszonylag enyhe kzszortst jelent s amelyet enyhe meghajls is ksrhet. A frfiak csak akkor foghatnak kezet egy nvel, ha a n a kezdemnyez. Ha a n nem nyjtja a kezt, akkor mosollyal ksrt enyhe biccentssel dvzljk. Egy gyerekkel val kzfogs a szlk megbecslst fejezi ki.

Az irni konzervatv mohamedn kultra sok mindenben korltozza a nket. A frfiak a kikezdhetetlen fejei egy csaldnak s a fikat is sokkal jobban megbecslik, mint a lnyokat. A vls nagyon ritka esemny.

Az irniakat a pontossg nem tartja izgalomban. Az idt rugalmasan fogjk fel: az emberi szksgletek fontosabbak, mint egy merev rarend betartsa. Nem tartjk teht illetlensgnek egy gyfl vrakoztatst sem.

A nk hagyomnyosan csak olyan ruht viselnek a nyilvnossg eltt, melybl csak a kezk s az arcuk ltszik ki. Ujjatlan ruhk s blzok nem hordhatk. A nk hajt sllal vagy a hagyomnyos fekete maqhna-ehhel kell befedni.[29]

Nemzeti teleik a klnfle kebabok, fleg a cselo-kebab.[30] A cselo-kebab birkbl kszlt nyrsonslt. Hagyma, paradicsom, friss zldsgek s fszernvnyek, gyakran tojs s klnfle mrtsok egsztik ki a rizses, vajszeletes kompozcit.

A frissenslteket gyakran kzzel eszik. A rizst olykor mazsolval, pisztcival vagy srgs sfrnnyal zestik s forr birkafaggyval meglocsoljk.

Kukuszabszi nven a zldsg-felfjtat illetik. A saltaflket tvgygerjesztknt eszik. A salta mellett mg jellemz a panr nev ss sajt s a maszt, amely joghurt.

Az dessgek igazi keleti csemegk: a magyar konyhhoz kpest tl desek, szinte sziruposak.

A kenyrflk: a szngki falusi lngos, a lvs forr kavicsokon sttt hatalmas lepny, a brbri hosszks kenyrfonat.

Hres az irni kavir.

Nemzeti italaik a tea (csj) s a dugh (dough). A dugh hgtott, ss joghurt mentafvel zestve. Jellemz mg a limu vegyes gymlcskbl s az ab-limu citrombl kszlt limond. A srt abedzsonak hvjk, csak kevesen isszk. A sarab hres fehr bor. A Kaszpi-tenger krnykn jz konyakot is ksztenek.[31]

Tehern az orszg mdiakzpontja. Itt jelenik meg tbb napilap: Jumhori-yi Islami, Resalat, Kayhan, Akhbar, Ettelaat s tbb angol nyelv napilap is: Tehran Times, Kayhan International, Iran Daily, Iran News. Slyos llami cenzra uralkodik az orszgban, ahol mr az internet s a szabad sajtt jelent blogok is tmads alatt llnak.[32] 128 kb/s-ra korltozzk a maximlis sebessget, amely lehetetlenn teszi a multimdis tartalmak elrst s a nagy svszlessget ignyl szolgltatsokat. Tbb akadmikus tiltakozott ez ellen, mert szerintk visszaveti az orszg fejldst amikor az egsz vilgon a svszlessg bvtst kiemelt prioritsknt kezelik. Kna utn Irnban cenzrzzk a legtbb weboldalt, lehetetlenn tve letltsket.

A 30 irni televzin kvl San Fernando Valley-ban (Los Angeles mellett) mkdik egy fggetlen televzi is, amely az irniakat cenzramentesen tjkoztatja a vilg esemnyeirl.

Javasolt oltsok Irnba utazknak:

Malria ellen gygyszer van. (Nyugati s Dli hatrvidkeken nagy a kockzata a fertzsnek).

Ktelez olts, ha fertztt orszgbl rkezik/orszgon t utazik valaki:

Az iszlm erteljes hatsa Irnt zsia egyik legbiztonsgosabb orszgv teszi a klfldiek szmra. Br elfordulhat, hogy egy klfldit politikai vizsglati fogsgba vetnek, minden esetre jval ritkbban mint a mltban. Nem javasolt viszont az orszg keleti hatrvidknek megltogatsa s a szrazfldi hatrtlps Pakisztnba vagy Afganisztnba. Ugyangy kockzatos lehet az iraki hatr kzelbe val utazs.[33]

Az orszg eddig 11 aranyrmet szerzett a jtkok sorn. A legeredmnyesebb sportg a birkzs.

Az Irni labdarg-vlogatott trsgi jtkokon sokszor llt dobogn.

See the original post here:
Irn Wikipdia

Iran Jomhuriye Eslmiye Irn Republica Islamic Iran

Amplasarea Iranului

Iran (persan: ), oficial Republica Islamic Iran, i pn la 1935 cunoscut internaional ca Persia, este o ar n Asia de Sud-Vest, situat ntre coasta de nord-est al Golfului Persic i coasta sudic a Mrii Caspice. Din anul 1949 sunt folosite att numele Persia, ct i Iran. Iran este utilizat ntre funcionari i n contextul politic-statal. Numele Iran este un nrudit cu cuvntul arian" i nseamn teren de aur.

n sud-vest se dezvolt ntre mileniile III .Hr.-I .Hr. regatul Elam, puternic influenat de civilizaiile mesopotamiene. La sfritul mileniului II .Hr. pe teritoriul Iranului se stabilesc triburile indo-europene ale mezilor i perilor venite din nord (Iran="ara arienilor"). Regatul mezilor, constituit n secolul VII .Hr, atinge apogeul n vremea lui Ciaxare (630 .Hr.-584 .Hr.). Triburile perilor, stabilite n sud-vestul Iranului (Persia), sunt unificate, potrivit tradiiei, ctre anul 700 .Hr., de Ahaimene, ntemeietorul dinastiei Ahemenizilor. Succesorul su, Teispe extinde posesiunile Persiei spre apus. Cyrus I recunoate suzeranitatea Asiriei, iar Cambyses I (600 .Hr.-559 .Hr.) pe al Mediei. Cyrus II cel Mare (559 .Hr.-529 .Hr.), una din cele mai strlucite personaliti ale antichitii, transform n numai 3 decenii Persia, dintr-o putere local n cel mai vast i puternic imperiu al Orientului. Prin nfrngerea lui Astiage (cca. 550 .Hr.), Media devine provincie a statului persan. Cucerind apoi Lidia lui Cresus (546 .Hr.), Persia include n hotarele sale Asia Mic pn la Marea Egee, cu toate coloniile greceti ale Ioniei. n anii 545 .Hr.-539 .Hr. sunt ocupate vaste regiuni din Asia Central (Dragniana, Arachosia, Gedrosia, Bactriana, Sogdiana, etc.) Profitnd de slbirea Regatului Noului Babilon (n urma unor conflicte interne), Cyrus ocup, n 539 .Hr., Babilonul, anexnd, apoi, toate posesiunile Regatului Caldeu din Siria, Fenicia, ara Israel, pn la graniele Egiptului Faraonic.

Imperiul Persan (condus de dinastia Ahemenizilor) se ntinde de la Indus pn n Egipt, Asia Mic i Tracia, eund, ns, n tentativa de ngenunchere a Greciei. Cucerit de Alexandru cel Mare (Alexandru Macedon) (334 .Hr.-330 .Hr.), Imperiul Persan d natere lumii elenistice, apoi devine nucleul regatelor Part (250 .Hr.-226 i Sasanid (226-651 d.Hr), 2 puternice state n permanent rivalitate cu Imperiul Roman. Cucerit de arabi (635-651), Iranul adopt islamismul, dar se desprinde, treptat, n secolele IX-X din Califatul Arab. Ismail I (1499-1524), ntemeitorul dinastiei Sefavizilor, pune bazele unui nou stat iranian centralizat, care ajunge la o remarcabil strlucire sub Abbas I cel Mare (1588-1629). n timpul dinastiei Kajarilor (1779-1925) Persia cunoate o perioad de declin, pierznd, n rzboaiele cu Rusia (1804-1813 i 1826-1828), Gruzia, Daghestanul, Azerbaidjanul de Nord i Armenia de Nord cu Erevanul. n a II-a jumtate a secolului XIX, influena britanic i rus, devin predominante, cele 2 state mprind Persia, prin tratatul din 1907, n 2 zone de influen. Sub dinastia Pahlavi (1925-1979), ndeosebi dup Al II-lea Rzboi Mondial, este urmrit modernizarea structurilor economice, sociale i politice, precum i europenizarea instituiilor, apelndu-se la resursele oferite de exploatarea zcmintelor de iei care transformaser Iranul ntr-unul din marii productori mondiali. Micrile antiguvernamentale laice, dar ndeosebi religioase, generalizate, n 1978, n majoritatea provinciilor, au ca urmare prsirea, la 16 ianuarie 1979, a rii de ctre ahul Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Aryamehr (1941-1971), aliat fidel al S.U.A. i preluarea puterii de ctre Consiliul Revoluionar Islamic, n frunte cu ayatollahul Ruhollah Khomeiny, care proclama, la 1 aprilie 1979, Iranul republic islamic. Noua Constituie, aprobat de un referendum la 2-3 decembrie 1979, transform Iranul ntr-un stat confesional Islamic. Vechea disput de frontier n zona rului att-el Arab servete, n septembrie 1980, Irakului ca pretext pentru a ataca Iranul (Saddam Husein, conductorul Irak-ului, dorind s anexeze regiunea iranian, Kuzestan), ndelungatul conflict dintre cele 2 state (1980-1988) soldndu-se cu grele pierderi n oameni (peste 1.000.000 de mori iranieni) i impresionante distrugeri materiale. Epuizanta confruntare se ncheie n august 1988, prin acceptarea de ctre Iran a Rezoluiei nr. 598 a Consiliului de Securitate al O.N.U., care prevede ncetarea imediat a tuturor ostilitilor. Criza ostaticilor ambasadei S.U.A din Teheran (1979-1981) duce la ruperea relaiilor diplomatice americano-iraniene (7 aprilie 1980). Dup moartea imamului Khomeiny (3 iunie 1989), persoanele care s-au succedat la conducerea Iranului au continuat i continu politica de distanare fa de statele occidentale i de sprijinire a micrilor islamice militante din lume.

Iranul este situat n partea de est a emisferei nordice, n sud-vestul Asiei, fiind considerat ca una din rile Orientului Mijlociu. Geografic, Iranul este situat ntre 44 grade i 63 grade longitudine estic i 25 grade i 39,5 grade latitudine nordic. Iranul prezint o mare diversitate din toate punctele de vedere, chiar i sub aspectul reliefului i climei. Este o ar mare, cu o suprafa de 1.645.258km (cam de 3 ori ct Frana, sau ct a V-a parte a S.U.A, fiind, deci, mai mare dect Regatul Unit, Frana, Elveia, Belgia, Olanda i Germania la un loc).

Iranul de nord, situat la sud de Marea Caspic (unde altitudinea coboar 28 m sub nivelul Oceanului Planetar), este strbtut de un lan muntos ngust, dar foarte nalt, Alborz (Elburz), care primete peste 1.200 de precipitaii anual, i care se pierde, treptat, spre grania cu Afganistanul. Culmile munilor sunt acoperite cu zpad tot anul. Cele mai nalte vrfuri sunt Damavand (5.671m), situat la nord de Teheran, Sabalan (4.880 m), la nord-vest de Teheran i la sud de Tonkabon. n aceast parte a rii, pajitile naturale i pdurile ocup mari suprafee. n inuturile de la nord de Elburz, terenurile agricole sunt utilizate ndeosebi pentru cultura cerealelor, plantaii de ceai i orezrii. Resursele forestiere din inuturile Mazandaran i Guilan constituie materie prim pentru ntreprinderile de prelucrare a lemnului de la Asalem i Neka. rmul Marii Caspice, cu plajele lui de nisip i peisaj pitoresc, se numr printre cele mai cutate locuri de odihn i turism din Iran. Aspectul peisagistic este foarte impresionant. Teritoriul Iranului are forma unui ptrat distorsionat, de parc ar fi fost pus la topit i lsat apoi s se ntreasc din nou. n marginea vestic, de la grania cu Turcia i pn la Golful Oman, se ntind Munii Zagros, care formeaz o limit att de evident, nct unii geopoliticieni l consider adevrata frontier a lumii occidentale. Totui, monumentele istorice iraniene se nir pn departe pe ambele laturi ale acestui lan de muni. Vrful cel mai nalt, Zard Kuh-e Bakktiari, are 4.309 m altitudine. Marginea sudic a munilor este tivit de coasta zimuit a Oceanului Indian. Datorit abundenei calcarului i a altor roci solubile, n Iran se afl numeroase peteri, care constituie puncte de atracie i posibile obiecte de studiu, att pentru pentru turitii obinuii, ct i pentru cei pasionai de speologie. Cele mai renumite peteri se afl n Azerbaidjan, n Kurdistan, n apropiere de Hamadan, n provincia Esfahan (Isfahan) i n mprejurimile Teheranului.

Clima are un caracter excesiv continental, cu veri foarte clduroase i uscate i ierni geroase, cu cderi abundente de zpad. n inuturile din semiluna fertil a Iranului din nord-vest i vest, unde se afl Lurestanul, Kurdistanul i Azerbaidjanul, precipitaiile sunt destul de abundente i constante n timp; cu toate c exist diferene mari de temperatur de la var la iarn, aici prosper cirezile de vite i se practic, cu bune rezultate, agricultura neirigat. Contrastele climatice dintre diferitele regiuni contribuie la sporirea peisagistic. Partea sudic a rii cuprinde cmpiile din Khuzistan, dup care urmeaz o fie ngust de cmpii i dealuri care mrginete rmul Golfului Persic, continundu-se cu Munii Mokran (Mekran). Aici clima este clduroas, greu de suportat, iar ploile sunt foarte rare. Cmpiile din Khuzistan, cu soluri roditoare, sunt cultivate prin irigare cu apa provenit de la numeroasele cursuri de ap, care coboar din Munii Zagros. O metod foarte eficient de contracarare a ariditii climatice din Podiul Iranului, care se practic de 2.500 ani, este sparea de aduciuni subterane (qanat), care capteaz apele din pnza freatic. Aceast metod, care s-a perpetuat pn n timpurile moderne, s-a rspndit din Iran n alte inuturi din Orientul Mijlociu, n Africa de Nord i chiar n Spania. Lungimea total a reelei de qanat ajunge la aproape 40.000km. Iranul este, de asemenea, patria celor mai vechi baraje din lume, multe dintre ele aflndu-se n stare de funcionare i n prezent. Totui, clima Iranului este mai favorabil dect cea a altor ri din Orientul Mijlociu. Mai mult de 1/3 din teritoriu primete o cantitate de precipitaii de peste 250mm/an, iar zpezile abundente din munii care nconjoar Podiul Central, asigur o rezerv important pentru irigaiile de primvar. Ferdousi, vestitul poet epic iranian, vorbete despre litoralul sudic al Mrii Caspice ca despre un inut n care primvara domnete aproape tot timpul anului. Pe mari ntinderi solurile sunt profunde i fertile, dei pe alocuri sunt afectate de eroziune cronic. Litoralul caspic, cmpiile centrale i vile interioare posed soluri relativ fragile, dar care pot fi cultivate. Resursele funciare i hidrice nu sunt pe deplin valorificate. Doar o parte din terenul disponibil este folosit pentru agricultur. Prin lucrri ameliorative de mare amploare, ar putea fi luate n cultur mari suprafee, n prezent, insuficient utilizate, iar pe terenurile cultivate, acum, s-ar putea obine creteri ale recoltelor prin utilizarea mai intens i mai eficient a resurselor de ap. Potrivit datelor statistice, circa 20,7% din suprafaa total a Iranului o constituie terenurile deertice i neproductive, 54,9% sunt pajiti naturale, 7,6% pduri i numai 14,4% teren potenial arabil, din care 11.600.000 ha sunt cultivate anual, iar restul se afl n prloag. Dei, n general, teritoriul Iranului este arid i muntos, n cuprinsul lui exist mai multe lacuri interioare i zone umede (33 la numr). Cele mai importante sunt: lacul Urmia (din Ajerbaidjanul vestic)-483.000 ha; lacurile Maharlu i Barishur (Fars) - 21.600 ha; lacurile Neiriz (Fars) - 98.000 ha, Hamoun-e Hirmand (sau Jazmurian) din apropiere de Kuh-e Khajeh (Sistan) - 40.000 ha. Zonele umede sunt importante, nu numai pentru c adpostesc numeroase psri de ap interesante din punct de vedere tiinific, ci i pentru c au o productivitate natural ridicat, un peisaj atrgtor i ofer posibiliti de practicare a unor activiti sportive i recreaionale. n Muntele Ararat, situat la grania turco-armeano-iranian i portul Chah Bahar de la Golful Oman, din extremitatea sud-estic a rii, este o distan mai mare dintre Paris i Atena. Dac suprapunem harta Iranului peste cea a Europei vestice, oraul sfnt Mashhad se va afla n dreptul Budapestei, Abadan va cdea n Sardinia, Teheran n locul Venetiei, iar Shiraz n dreptul oraului Napoli. Pe aceast ntindere considerabil se succed, de la nord la sud i de la est la vest, condiii climatice diferite. Contrastului dintre diversele regiuni, i se adaug cel determinat de succesiunea anotimpurilor: acelai inut poate s aib o var dogoritoare i o iarn geroas. ns n cele 5 centre turistice principale, Esfahan, Mashhad, Shiraz Tabriz, Teheran, iarna are, n general, caracteristici similare, cu excepia Shirazului care beneficiaz de temperaturi mai blnde. Pornind dintr-un punct central, rareori, poi face deplasri mai scurte de o zi. De exemplu, Persepolis, care se consider c este situat "aproape" de Shiraz, se afl la 60km deprtare, iar Pasargadae la 130km. ns barierele naturale nu au mpiedicat, ca ntre locuitorii de pe litoral i cei din interiorul rii s existe ntotdeauna strnse legturi economice i sociale.

Iranul are o suprafa de 1.648.195km ptrai, fiind a XVII-a ar ca ntindere de pe glob.

Iranul este mprit n 30 de provincii.

Orae principale: Mashhad, Isfahan(Esfahan), Tabriz, Shiraz, Ahwaz, Bakhtaran, Qom, Urumije, Rasht, Hamadan.

Piranshahr

Anul i Populaia:

Populaia Iranului este format din: peri - 65%; azeri i alte popoare turcice - circa 20%; kurzi - 8%; arab - 2%, armeni etc. Cea mai mare parte a locuitorilor sunt stabilii n nordul i nord-vestul rii, cu puternice concentrri de-a lungul rmului Mrii Caspice, n jurul capitalei i n provinciile Azerbaidjan Bakhtari i Azerbaidjan Khavari. Alte concentrri mai importante de populaie se ntlnesc n sectorul nordic al rmului Golfului Persic, n jurul oraului Mashhad. Circa 1/3 din suprafaa Iranului (cele 3 deerturi) este aproape nelocuit.

Limba oficial a Iranului este persana (farsi). Limba persan are aproximativ 71.000.000 de vorbitori ca limb matern i alte circa 31.000.000 ca limb secundar. Este limba oficial n Iran, Afganistan (alturi de afgana) i Tadjikistan (dialectul tadjic, considerat n trecut limb separat din motive mai mult politice dect lingvistice[necesitcitare]). Minoriti persanofone se gsesc n Uzbekistan i n diaspor, n India, Pakistan, S.U.A, Israel. nc din antichitate, persana a fost o limb important, fiind limba principal a Persiei, unul din cele mai puternice state asiatice. Dup cucerirea islamic, persana a devenit una din limbile principale ale culturii islamice din Asia, fiind folosit ca limb de prestigiu n ntreaga Asie Central i de Sud, inclusiv de popoare care nu vorbeau persana ca limb matern. n subcontinentul indian, persana a fost limba oficial a mprailor moguli, abia n 1842 colonizatorii britanici lund msuri de nlocuire a acesteia cu engleza. Tradiional, se folosete alfabetul arab modificat. Acesta a fost adoptat cam la 150 de ani dup cucerirea islamic. nainte de aceasta se foloseau dou alfabete indigene: Pahlavi (o versiune a alfabetului arameic) i dndapirak. n U.R.S.S s-a folosit i alfabetul latin (dup revoluia bolevic pn la sfritul anilor 1930) i alfabetul chirilic (de la sfritul anilor '30), pentru dialectul tadjic, declarat limb separat. Alfabetul chirilic se mai folosete i n zilele noastre n Tadjikistan. O scriere pe baza alfabetului latin a fost creat cu 50 de ani n urm de Mahomed Keyvan, n Iran. Scrierea oficial n Iran i Afganistan este bazat pe alfabetul arab.

Dialecte:

Religia majoritar n Iran este islamul. Aproximativ 98% dintre iranieni aparin acestei religii. Majoritatea musulmanilor iranieni sunt iii, islamul iit fiind religie de stat. Alte religii majoritare, n afar de islam, sunt cretinismul, hinduismul, iudaismul, bah' i zoroastrismul. Zoroastrismul este vechea religie oficial a Persiei, religie nlocuit cu islamul sunnit dup cucerirea arab din secolul al VII-lea. Islamul sunnit a fost nlocuit cu cel iit n secolul al XVI-lea, n timpul dinastiei Safavide. Astzi mai exist n Iran mici comuniti zoroastriste cu propriile lor temple i preoi. De multe ori, persoanele nemusulmane din Iran sunt agresate i supuse la convertiri forate.

Rapida dezvoltare economic a rii n deceniile VII-VIII ale secolului XX, n deceniul urmtor i n refacere, n prezent, se datoreaz, n principal, exploatrii i prelucrrii petrolului, care asigur 1/5 din produsul naional brut (PNB) i cvasitotalitatea exporturilor (peste 70%). Avnd mari rezerve de petrol, Iranul i-a sporit producia n ultimii ani, tinznd s redevin unul din principalii productori i exportatori mondiali n domeniu, cum era nainte de 1980. Posed importante capaciti de rafinare a petrolului a cror extindere o vizeaz. Are imense rezerve de gaze naturale, tot mai mult valorificate.

Industria prelucrtoare, relativ diversificat (ndeosebi rafinarea petrolului, chimic, metalurgic, textil, alimentar, maini, trenuri i tramvai), i for de munc. n prezent, Iranul ncearc dezvoltarea unui ambiios proiect energetic pe baza construirii unor centrale atomoelectrice. Acest proiect este puternic contestat de S.U.A i alte ri occidentale pe motiv c se ncearc, de fapt, dezvoltarea unui proiect nuclear militar de realizare a armei nucleare (ncercri declarate, de altfel, de ctre autoritile statului iranian). Agricultura concentreaz nc o bun parte a populaiei active (2/5) i asigur 1/5 din PNB, principalul sector fiind producia vegetal. Se cultiv, ndeosebi, gru i orz (aproape 3/5 din suprafaa cultivat), de asemenea, orez, sfecl de zahr, trestie de zahr, bumbac i alte plante. Exist plantaii arborescente de curmali, smochini i citrice. Balana comercial a rii este deficitar.

n luna mai 2008, Iranul era al IV-lea productor de petrol din lume[6], cu rezerve estimate la 136 miliarde de barili[7]. Are o producie de 4,21 milioane de barili pe zi, i a obinut 70 miliarde de dolari n anul 2007, din vnzarile de petrol[8]. nainte de rzboiul cu Irakul vecin, ntre 1980 i 1988, Iranul producea aproape 6 milioane de barili de petrol pe zi[7].

n ce privete gazele naturale, cu livrri de zece miliarde de metri cubi n anul 2009, Iranul este al doilea mare furnizor de gaze naturale, dup Rusia[9].

n anul 2010, comerul bilateral dintre Iran i China s-a ridicat la 29,3 miliarde de dolari, n cretere cu 40% fa de 2009[10].

ntre 1979-2011 pe lista patrimoniului mondial UNESCO au fost incluse 13 obiective culturale sau naturale din Iran.

Excerpt from:
Iran - Wikipedia

The U.S. Navy dispatched three warships near the southern coast of Yemen after four rockets hit and nearly sank a United Arab Emirates auxiliary ship Saturday, two U.S. defense officials told Fox News.

Iran-backed Houthi rebels in Yemen claimed responsibility for the attack. There were no reported injuries to the Emerati crew. Al Jazeera reported on video of the attack.

Iran supplied the Houthis with the shoulder-fired rockets that nearly destroyed the UAE ship, according to two U.S. officials. It was not immediately clear what type of rocket the rebels may have fired. The ship was formerly contracted to the U.S., two defense officials confirmed, and at one time an American company owned the vessel.

Military officials sent the Navy warships to the southern end of the Bab al-Mandab Strait, also known as the Mandab Strait, which connects the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden. Two U.S. Navy guided-missile destroyers, USS Mason and USS Nitze, armed with Tomahawk cruise missiles, Harpoon anti-ship missiles and an assortment of deck-mounted high-caliber machine guns, joined USS Ponce, a floating staging ship which includes a compliment of special operations forces, according to one official.

Describing the U.S. response to the Houthis and their Iranian backers, one official said, This is a show of force, adding, Its concerning anytime this happens.

The U.S. Navy keeps a high state of readiness in the Persian Gulf and nearby Gulf of Aden south of Yemen, according to the official. It was not immediately clear if any official guidance had been issued to raise that posture.

Sending the warships to the area is a message that the primary goal of the Navy is to ensure that shipping continues unimpeded in the strait and the vicinity, said a U.S. defense official, who spoke on the condition of anonymity.

The attacked vessel is an Australian built high-speed logistics ship leased to the UAE, Reuters reported.

The UAE is part of a Saudi Arabia-led Arab coalition in Yemen fighting the Houthis in a civil war that began in 2015. The United States has provided support to the Saudi-led coalition in the past, including intelligence support and mid-air refueling tankers.

Crews are towing the UAE ship to a port in nearby Eritrea, according to two U.S. defense officials.

The United States strongly condemned the unprovoked attack by the Houthis in a statement Sunday. We call on the Houthi-Saleh groups to immediately cease attacks against all vessels. These provocative actions risk exacerbating the current conflict and narrow the prospects for a peaceful settlement, State Department spokesman John Kirby said.

In April, the U.S. Navy intercepted a weapons shipment from Iran to Yemen to aid the Houthis ahead of President Obamas visit to Saudi Arabia.

A year earlier, the U.S. Navy dispatched the aircraft carrier USS Theodore Roosevelt to shadow an Iranian convoy which had weapons displayed brazenly on its decks. The Iranian convoy turned around and returned home before it reached Yemen, U.S. defense officials said at the time.

Lucas Tomlinson is the Pentagon and State Department producer for Fox News Channel. You can follow him on Twitter: @LucasFoxNews

See the original post here:
US warships sent to area where Iran-backed rebels attacked ...

Islamic Republic of Iran Asia See Prayer Information Geography

Area: 1,648,196 sq km

Situated between the Caspian Sea to the north and the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman to the south. A central desert ringed by mountains.

Population: 75,077,547Annual Growth: 1.19%

Capital: Tehran

Urbanites: 69.5%

HDI Rank: 88 of 182 (UN Human Development Reports 2009)

Peoples: 103 (90% unreached) All peoples Unreached Peoples Prayer Card

Official language: Persian (Farsi; Dari and Tajik are major dialects); almost all Iranians speak some form of Persian as a mother tongue or second languageLanguages: 79 All languages

Largest Religion: Muslim

Prayercast

The majority of the wider Christian community are Christian Armenians with a smaller number of Assyrians and Chaldeans. They are cultural and linguistic islands isolated in a Muslim sea. While they live in relative peace, their fear of persecution and of job and educational discrimination, as well as their desire to offer their families a more stable and promising future, drive many to emigrate, denuding Iran of the richness of communities that predate Islam by centuries. Pray for a work of the Holy Spirit in these often-nominal churches, that Jesus might shine through their lives and that they might have a burden for their Muslim neighbours.

Evangelical churches before the revolution were generally small and struggling, and they contained very few Muslim-background believers. The traumatic changes and suffering that followed the revolution gave churches a brief period of renewal, outreach, literature distribution and many conversions. Barriers among denominations broke down. The hostility of the regime toward evangelicals caused much greater interest in Christianity among Persians Presbyterians and Assemblies of God, especially, grew as a result. Intimidation, infiltration and martyrdom of several church leaders, and pressure from the government to not welcome Muslims into services, have caused many churches to adopt house church models. Most churches that meet publicly now tow the government line and do not overtly evangelize Muslims. Pray for:

a) Adequate income for Christians who face poverty both from general economic decline and from religious discrimination in the workplace. Emigration is a solution for pressured Christians, but their vital witness in needy Iran is then lost. Pray that believers may break through this economic pressure and resist the temptation to leave.

b) Courage and fortitude such that their persecutors are won for Christ. While Armenians and Assyrians are discriminated against, Muslim-background believers are actively persecuted. Pray also for greater freedom for churches to minister, as they long to do.

c) Protection and deliverance for all MBBs. The large majority meet secretly in small house groups. There is always a danger that such meetings could be discovered and those involved punished, especially the leaders. A decentralized cell structure and the use of techniques honed by the underground party-circuit help house groups avoid detection and arrest.

d) Churches outside of Tehran often face more intimidation as fundamentalist forces exercise more control in less-urban areas. Many towns and villages lack any churches at all. However, this is changing due to the increasing influence of the Internet and satellite TV as well as the enthusiasm of young Iranian Christians to evangelize their countrymen. House church movements are spreading throughout the country.

For an additional 12 Challenges for Prayer see Operation World book, CD-ROM, or DVD-ROM.

The Operation World book, CD-ROM, and DVD-ROM provide far more information and fuel for prayer for the people of Iran.

Continued here:
Iran | Operation World