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TORONTO Prime Minister Justin Trudeau rose to power in 2015 and rescued the Liberal Party from irrelevance on promises to bring real change and infuse Canadian politics with sunny ways.

Nearly nine years later, the forecast for the progressive icon is cloudy. His party, which has been slumping in the polls for more than a year, now trails the Conservatives by as many as 20 points and is vulnerable not only in key battlegrounds but also in traditional strongholds.

The most recent blow was a special election loss last month to the Conservatives in Toronto-St. Pauls, a district that the Liberals had won (often, easily) since 1993. It was as if the Democrats had lost a special election in Manhattan, or the Republicans had fallen in Colorado Springs.

Now Canadians are watching to see if Trudeau might be planning his own walk in the snow, a repeat of the solitary stroll that his father, Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau, claimed to have taken in an Ottawa blizzard the day before he announced his resignation in 1984.

In a much lower-key version of Democratic pressure on President Biden to drop out of the U.S. presidential race, several high-profile Liberals, including his former environment minister Catherine McKenna and Christy Clark, a Liberal former premier of British Columbia, have called on him to step aside to give the party a better chance of staying in government.

Trudeau, 52, has given no indication that he plans to step down and its unclear any of the alternatives would have more success turning things around. By law, the next federal election must be held by Oct. 20, 2025.

I want to be clear that I hear peoples concerns and frustrations, Trudeau said after the by-election. These are not easy times, and its clear that I and my entire Liberal team have much more work to do to deliver tangible, real progress that Canadians across the country see and feel.

Trudeaus woes echo those of many incumbent leaders, who are struggling amid high inflation and concerns about affordability, particularly in housing. Most housing markets in Canada are at or near worst-ever affordability levels, the Royal Bank of Canada reported in December.

The prime minister and his government havent been able to respond to those concerns, said David Coletto, chair of pollster Abacus Data. As Canadians reflect on the state of the country, the state of the world, I think the conclusion increasingly gets to a point where they just want change.

Trudeau has won three federal elections. He has been in power for nine years and accumulated nine years worth of miscalculations and other baggage: Ethics scandals, photos of him as a younger man in blackface, controversies over trips abroad and vacations at home, struggles to balance growing Canadas economy with climate action. Its been more than a century since a Canadian prime minister won four elections in a row.

A lot of people are talking about St. Pauls being a bit of a wake-up call, but it really shouldnt be surprising, said Dan Arnold, Trudeaus former head of research and advertising. If its a wake-up call, its an 11 a.m. wake-up call, because there were many warning signs beforehand.

Its not just political missteps that have cost the Liberals, analysts say, but the rise of Conservative Party leader Pierre Poilievre, a populist firebrand who has emerged as the most formidable political opponent Trudeau has faced.

The 45-year-old has taken control of the party trafficking in grievance politics, railing against public health mandates and championing the trucker convoy that shut down U.S.-Canada border crossings in 2022 and brought Ottawa to a standstill for several weeks.

Canada is broken, said Poilievre, a member of parliament for two decades. Hell fix it, he said, with a plan to ax the [carbon] tax, build the homes, fix the budget, stop the crime.

He has focused his message on hammering the government for high interest rates, stubborn inflation and the historically high housing costs and shortages that have left many millennial voters a key part of the coalition that brought Trudeau to power disillusioned.

He hasnt offered a lot of compelling policy alternatives, said Lisa Young, a political scientist at the University of Calgary. But hes seen as being much more effective on the issue just because he was the one who was naming it before the Trudeau government started trying to respond.

Under Poilievre, the Conservative Party has smashed fundraising records and worked to soften his image. An advertising campaign last year included a spot narrated by his wife, a Venezuelan immigrant, with video of the pair playing with their children.

The Liberals, meanwhile, have been slow to respond. They have tried to cast him as Donald Trump-lite the former president is deeply unpopular here but theres little evidence its having much effect.

I think the Liberals might have missed their opportunity to define him as dangerous or outside the the boundaries of whats acceptable in Canadian politics, Young told The Washington Post.

Trudeau has tried to reverse his slide. Last summer, he overhauled his cabinet in an effort to inject new energy into the government. He brought a marketer with a self-described focus on understanding Millennials and Generation Z to his team.

He walked back part of the carbon tax, one of his signature policies, in what analysts said was a bid to shore up support in Atlantic Canada angering not just his own environment minister, but also officials elsewhere who wanted carve outs of their own.

He spent weeks on a cross-country tour to preview a budget aimed at generational fairness, breaking with a tradition of keeping budget details secret until the document is introduced in Parliament.

I think theyre at a stage where it really doesnt matter what they do or what they say, said pollster Shachi Kurl, president of the Angus Reid Institute. I hate to use this phrase, but its like they jumped the shark. Nobody is listening.

The problem, Coletto said, is that if the person delivering the message is the prime minister, people wont listen to it.

Unlike the Democrats pressure campaign on Biden, Liberal lawmakers here have kept whatever angst they might feel about Trudeau private. One member of his caucus has urged him to step down, but there hasnt been a full revolt yet.

Thats in part because theres no clear successor to rally around, or compelling evidence that the people whose names are tossed around as possible replacements Finance Minister Chrystia Freeland or Foreign Minister Mlanie Joly, to name two would reverse the partys fortunes.

[The Liberals] are very much perceived as, I think correctly, the party of Justin Trudeau, Young said. Its really difficult to imagine someone else coming along and being able to redefine the party and the government in a meaningful way in the time that they have left before the next election.

When Trudeau became the Liberal leader in 2013, the party was a husk of the juggernaut that had so dominated Canadian politics that it was called the countrys natural governing party. It had been banished to the political wilderness; books proclaimed its death.

The Liberals began the 2015 federal election trailing not only the governing Conservatives but also the New Democrats. Opponents bought ads dismissing Trudeau as just not ready. But the youthful and charismatic leader defied expectations. The Liberals entered the campaign with 36 of Parliaments 338 seats. It finished with 184.

Many members of caucus see themselves as having been elected on Trudeaus coattails, Young said, and they perhaps dont see themselves as having much influence that they can bring to bear on this.

Analysts and members of Trudeaus inner circle say the amateur boxer is accustomed to being underestimated, and he performs well when hes on the ropes. The question is whether theres time enough to reverse his partys fortunes.

The desire of voters wanting change in the current environment is not limited to Canada, said Arnold, chief strategy officer of the public opinion firm Pollara. I feel like were in this post-covid funk across the Western world where people are just really frustrated with their quality of life

Voters are just looking for change and they dont really care if its left wing or right wing or someone with 34 convictions.

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From sunny ways to cloudy days: Canadians have tired of Justin Trudeau - The Washington Post

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Prime Minister Justin Trudeau rises during Question Period, in Ottawa, on June 19.Adrian Wyld/The Canadian Press

Heading into budget season this year, the federal Liberal government was caught between two promises: keeping the deficit in line with its projections, and launching a much anticipated new benefit for disabled Canadians.

The Liberals had long sold the Canada Disability Benefit, first announced in 2020, as a measure designed to close the yawning gap between what people with disabilities receive in provincial assistance and the income they need to rise above the poverty level.

But now that the benefit is finally here and facing wilting criticism, its clear that it was compromised from the start by the Liberals budget woes, and likely never should have happened at least in its current form.

Before the budget was tabled in April, expectations for the new federal benefit were high. The Liberals, with the help of the NDP, had pushed the Canada Disability Benefit Act through Parliament the previous summer, and had promised to reveal the details in the April budget.

The Parliamentary Budget Officer costed out three scenarios in November, 2023, based on the stated goal of closing the gap between social assistance and the official poverty threshold; it concluded that the annual maximum payment, before clawbacks based on personal income, needed to be between $14,356 and $22,701.

Disability advocates said the maximum annual amount needed to get recipients over the poverty line was in the neighbourhood of $24,000.

Those expectations, and the hope they elicited in people with disabilities, were upended when the budget came out in April. The annual maximum amount of the Canada Disability Benefit set by the Liberals was a relative pittance: $2,400.

Ottawa planned to spend $4.9-billion between then and 2029 on the benefit, according to the April budget a disappointing amount for disabled people that reflected the realities of the governments constrained finances.

Not only that, the government limited eligibility to people who qualify for the federal Disability Tax Credit, a measure that lowers the amount of federal taxes paid by people with long-term impairments.

Critics pointed out that the DTC is difficult to apply for, requiring an assessment by a qualified medical practitioner, and that it is only available to people who file their taxes, something that low-income people dont always do.

Ottawas new benefit is going to be available to 600,000 people, even though there are 1.6-million people in Canada with severe or very severe disabilities, according to the governments own data.

As if all that wasnt disappointing enough, it has since emerged that Ottawa hasnt reached agreements with every province and territory to prevent them from clawing back recipients social assistance a provincial jurisdiction for every federal dollar they receive under the new benefit.

That means the program will have zero net benefit for recipients in eight provinces and one territory, unless and until agreements are reached.

Its a terrible disappointment for people with disabilities.

The provinces and territories are responsible for social assistance, but those supports are largely insufficient to meet the economic demands that many persons with disabilities face in their day-to-day lives, as Ottawa has noted.

The PBO says that existing provincial and territorial programs for people with disabilities fall short of the official poverty threshold by 40 per cent on average.

What is also known is that 50 per cent of people with severe disabilities are unemployed, according to Statistics Canada. For those with very severe disabilities, the figure is 75 per cent. They need help.

But the reality of the need to stick to its deficit projections has collided head-on with the Trudeau governments endless appetite for creating new social programs designed to turn around their electoral fortunes.

The result is a benefit that is unfit for its stated purpose, because Ottawas finances are stretched so tight that it simply doesnt have the money to do a proper job of it.

A better use of those limited funds would have been to send them to the provinces as a top-up to existing benefits.

Governments should spend money in ways that help Canadians, not on half-baked branding exercises that leave some of the countrys most vulnerable people barely better off.

Continue reading here:
When Liberal promises meet fiscal reality - The Globe and Mail

In 2016, the well-meaning liberals who would later display in-this-house signs on their lawns were in the market for a certain kind of book. They needed a primer on that enigma, the White working class, but the guidebook they envisioned was subject to several requirements. For one thing, it had to make them feel magnanimous and broad-minded for even bothering with the demographic they held accountable for the stunning political success of Donald Trump; for another, it had to be conspicuously folksy, a reflection of their romantic preconceptions about shotguns and twangy accents in the sticks. Above all, this book could not demand too much. It could not contain political theory or, God forbid, economics. At its most intellectually ambitious, it could venture some light psychologizing, perhaps a few simple statistics, but it could never stray far from the safe and sentimental territory of the emotional appeal. In short, right-thinking liberals wanted an emissary from the heartland to assure them that Trump did not oblige them to change their lives or reexamine their politics.

Enter J.D. Vance, a recent Yale Law School graduate and self-proclaimed hillbilly with a knack for telling liberals what they wanted to hear. Vance hailed from the rapidly deindustrializing city of Middletown, Ohio, and he presented himself as a seasoned MAGA whisperer. Although he was critical of Trumps crass nativism he was in the liberal-placation business, after all he billed himself as an interpreter of rural languages that cosmopolitans did not speak. In his best-selling 2016 memoir, Hillbilly Elegy, he explained that Mamaw was his affectionate moniker for his grandmother and that holler is the regional term for a hollow between the hills.

Hillbilly Elegy was a sensation, less because of its alleged merits than because it appeared at an auspicious moment. It occasioned a number of excellent critiques including rebuttals in the New York Review of Books, the New Republic and the Guardian but for the most part, it was beloved. In nearly all the legacy media outlets, including this one, it was hailed as an eloquent and nuanced explanation for Trumps otherwise baffling allure. The Wall Street Journal described it as a beautiful memoir that doubled as a work of cultural criticism about white working-class America. The Economist raved: You will not read a more important book about America this year. In the New York Times, where it was allotted two glowing reviews, it was tellingly celebrated as a civilized reference guide for an uncivilized election.

Eight years later, Vance has grown uncivilized, our electoral politics more uncivilized still. The writer Irving Kristol famously characterized a neoconservative as a liberal who has been mugged by reality; Vance is a liberal-pleaser who has been mugged by the prospect of power. In 2016, he was calling Trump Americas Hitler in private messages to a friend; now he is the former presidents running mate and most sycophantic defender. But the signs of his eventual pivot were legible all along, at least to those who cared to read them.

In some ways, the liberal fixation on the White working class and thus on hillbillies and their elegies was always misguided. Trump was not elected exclusively by poor White Appalachians. As Sarah Jones pointed out in the New Republic, wealthy enclaves also played an outsize role in his victory, but these locales commanded far less media fanfare, probably because they were less of a curiosity to the urban elite. Still, Appalachians have weathered their fair share of injustices, and the impulse to understand their plight was (and is) admirable.

The problem, then, was not that liberals hoped to learn about hardship in the holler but the way they went about it. There can be no single emissary for the more than 80 million people who make up the White working class nationwide (not all of whom have ties to Appalachia, itself a wildly heterogenous region). Force of personality or in Vances case, rustic kitsch is no substitute for research. In his recent book Elite Capture, the philosopher Olufemi O. Taiwo warns of the eponymous phenomenon, whereby privileged members of oppressed groups become spokespeople for those groups and, in so doing, co-opt them. For instance, the members of the black bourgeoisie who are so often the face of movements for racial justice emphatically do not speak for the majority of Black Americans. In Taiwos words:

[Those with] power over and access to the resources that get used to describe, define, and create political realities in other words, elites are substantively different from the total set of people affected by the decisions they make As the part of the group closest to power and resources, they are typically the part whose interests overlap with the total groups the least.

This is one problem with identity politics, with its mania for electing envoys: The members of a marginalized group who enjoy enough of a public platform to speak on its behalf are often not representative. Vance, who went on to land a lucrative job at Peter Thiels venture capital firm after law school, is hardly a typical hillbilly, and there is no guarantee that he has the interests of his less fortunate peers at heart.

But in 2016, he had no compunction about generalizing quite ungenerously from his limited experiences. Because he observed acquaintances using cellphones that he believed they could not afford, he concluded that many working-class Appalachians habitually spend beyond their means; because one of his neighbors in Middletown chose not to work, then took to Facebook to complain about President Barack Obamas economic policies, he asserted that many hillbillies are jobless out of laziness. There are several academic disciplines dedicated to gathering reliable data about why people are in fact jobless, but Vance was disdainful of attempts at more rigorous study. He preferred to gesture sheepishly at what struck him as common sense, insisting that he knew whats what not because some Harvard psychologist says so but because I felt it. At least the Harvard psychologist might have conducted a poll. No wonder there is an entire genre of articles and indeed, several entire books dedicated to demonstrating that Vance does not speak for all Appalachians.

Hillbilly Elegy, then, was never a good-faith sociological foray. It was always a performance, a conspicuous display of homey authenticity. In her incisive corrective What You Are Getting Wrong About Appalachia, the historian (and fellow hillbilly) Elizabeth Catte described Vance as someone with tired ideas about race and culture [getting] famous by selling cheap stereotypes about the region. The gun-toting characters in Hillbilly Elegy are cartoonish, and so, too, is the prose. Take, for instance, the first line. My name is J.D. Vance, the memoir begins, and I think I should start with a confession: I find the existence of the book you hold in your hands somewhat absurd. It is this aw-shucks affectation not Vances wispy arguments that was the source of readers initial fascination.

After all, the contents of Hillbilly Elegy are not much to write home about. The book is a mush of reminiscence and ill-founded speculation about a part of the country that has been hemorrhaging jobs and hope for decades. Vances family is from Jackson, Ky., a town whose inhabitants say hello to everyone, willingly skip their favorite pastimes to dig a strangers car out of the snow, and without exception stop their cars, get out, and stand at attention every time a funeral motorcade drives past. Despite Jacksons small-town charms, Vances grandparents, the fiery but lovable Mamaw and Pawpaw, moved to Middletown, where Pawpaw secured a lucrative job at Armco, a steel company.

Though the pair eventually managed to muster some measure of stability, Vances mother, Bev, did not. During a short-lived stint as a nurse, she became one of the many Americans in her cohort to get hooked on prescription opioids. Father figures paraded in and out of Vances youth and adolescence as Bev spiraled, sometimes violently. Her deterioration mirrored Middletowns: As Armco shrunk, a once-bustling downtown dwindled into a block of fast-food restaurants and pawnshops. Vance tries his darnedest to sound humble about prevailing against the odds. He recounts how he joined the Marines, hauled himself up by his bootstraps, excelled in college and got into Yale Law School.

Hillbilly Elegy is an entry in the pantheon of uplift narratives, a kind of appendage to the self-help genre, and it is characteristically cheesy. Vance goes so far as to admit to a corny love of America, the greatest country on earth, and he tells us that every time I learned to do something I thought impossible I came a little closer to believing in myself.

There is no greater vindication of the suspicion that poor taste is a form of moral deficiency than the initial reception that greeted Hillbilly Elegy. So eager were critics and pundits to find an apologist for the White working class who was not blatantly racist that they overlooked Vances fatuousness, his willingness to play up his hokeyness for the benefit of his liberal audience and the ultimate banality of his message.

For at its core, his was a standard-issue conservative screed, riddled with the familiar contradictions. Vance acknowledged that jobs in Middletown were in short supply, but he ascribed the Appalachian predicament to a culture of learned helplessness and insisted that many of the citys residents choose not to work. He claimed that our eating and exercise habits seem designed to send us to an early grave just pages after noting that fast food is the only fare available in many Appalachian towns. When the poor took out high-interest credit cards and payday loans, he faulted them for engaging in irrational behavior without sparing any scorn for predatory financial institutions. He even debated whether his mother was responsible for her addiction and determined that no ones circumstances give him or her a perpetual moral get-out-of-jail-free card but made no mention of the pharmaceutical giants that deliberately flooded the region with painkillers.

For the Vance of Hillbilly Elegy, baseless claims were yet another means of evading responsibility. We cant trust the evening news. We cant trust our politicians. Our universities, the gateways to a better life, are rigged against us. We cant get jobs, he mocked. You cant believe these things and participate meaningfully in society. Instead, he counseled hillbillies to pull their pants up and apply for the jobs that did not exist.

It certainly seems, on the face of it, as though Vance has changed his tune. The evening news, the politicians and the universities are precisely the villains he has since made a career of reviling and not very subtly at that. (The Universities Are the Enemy is the title of a speech he delivered at the National Conservatism Conference in 2021.)

At points, Hillbilly Elegy reads like an artifact of merely archaeological interest. In a 2016 so remote that I can barely recall it, Vance lamented the bizarre sexism of hillbilly culture; five years later, he went on Tucker Carlsons show to call the Democrats a bunch of childless cat ladies. The Mamaw of Hillbilly Elegy practiced a deeply personal (albeit quirky) faith and could not speak of organized religion without contempt; as of last week, when Vance eulogized her onstage at the Republican National Convention, she had morphed posthumously into a woman of very deep Christian faith.

Perhaps most importantly, Vance was once a proponent of old-fashioned, laissez-faire conservatism of the Cato Institute variety. In 2016, conservative blogger Rod Dreher wrote that one of the most important contributions Vance makes to our understanding of American poverty is how little public policy can affect the cultural habits that keep people poor. Now, Vance has embraced the MAGA movements nationalistic populism, which paints poverty as the product of open borders and globalist scheming.

Maybe Vances transformation is genuine; maybe it is calculated. It is certainly convenient that his ideological trajectory aligns so closely with that of the Republican Party. As journalist Simon van Zuylen-Wood remarked in a prescient piece in this paper in 2022, the GOP has long been creeping toward post-liberalism, a political orientation that is anti-woke, skeptical of big business, nationalist about trade and borders, and flirty with Hungarian prime minister Viktor Orbn. (Dreher, for his part, has become such a fervent champion of strongman Orbns interventionist tactics that he immigrated to Hungary.)

Post-liberalism seeks to rewrite not just the law but the whole of American ethical life, and in some ways it is a natural extension of the pessimism about political solutions that pervaded Hillbilly Elegy (and the corresponding libertarianism that dominated the GOP not so long ago). If culture is to blame for Appalachias decline, you might conclude that politics, as traditionally understood, cannot fix what ails us. Alternatively, you might conclude, as Vance apparently has, that the usual political remedies are not intrusive or authoritarian enough.

Hillbilly Elegy anticipated the self-effacing tone that Vance would take when he concluded his Faustian bargain. From the first, he was practicing the art of having it both ways: In 2016, he pronounced himself an everyman, even though the existence of the very book in which he feigned modesty belied his pretensions. Now that he is a politician tasked with charming a crowd that loathes politicians, his strategy is much the same. He goes on claiming outsider status by making a spectacle of his chumminess, even as he becomes more and more of an insider. This, too, is a performance, one that rivals and perhaps surpasses his performance of homespun simplicity in Hillbilly Elegy.

I will be a vice president who never forgets where he came from, Vance assured the audience at the Republican National Convention. They erupted into cheers. I wonder how those followers will cope when they realize that it is precisely by winning that he and they have lost. The cost of their electoral success is that they have become what they most despise: They are the establishment now.

A Memoir of a Family and Culture in Crisis

Harper. 272 pp. $18.99, paper

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Hillbilly Elegy and J.D. Vances art of having it both ways - The Washington Post

Over the last few decades, America has witnessed a substantial decline in religiosity. Although the United States remains relatively religious compared to other nations, it is markedly less religious today than it was thirty years ago. However, a recent study published in Advances in Political Psychology uncovers an important nuance: secularism is distinct from mere nonreligiosity. The findings reveal that secularists form a unique group within the American electorate, suggesting a more nuanced understanding of secular trends is essential for grasping contemporary political dynamics.

While the increase in nonreligiosity, often termed the rise of the nones, has been widely documented, the new study sought to delve deeper into the distinctions between secularism and nonreligiosity. By doing so, the researchers aimed to clarify the political implications of these trends and how they might shape the future of American politics.

The researchers drew on data from several large-scale surveys, including the General Social Survey, Gallup Poll, Pew Research Center, and the Public Religion Research Institute. These data sources provided a robust foundation for examining trends in secularization and religiosity in the United States over the past several decades.

The studys findings provide evidence that secularism is not simply the absence of religion but a distinctive identity characterized by specific beliefs and orientations. Unlike nonreligiosity, which denotes a lack of religious affiliation or belief, secularism involves an active identification with principles grounded in empirical evidence and rational thought. Secularists, therefore, are defined by what they believe in rather than what they lack.

For instance, secularists exhibited strong opposition to conspiracy theories. The researchers found that secularists are less likely to believe in various conspiracy theories compared to nonreligious individuals. This skepticism towards conspiracy theories is consistent with secularists reliance on empirical evidence and rational thought.

By contrast, nonreligiosity did not show a consistent relationship with opposition to conspiracy theories. This highlights the importance of the affirmative secular identity, which actively seeks evidence-based explanations and rejects unsubstantiated claims.

One of the most significant findings of the study is the strong association between secularism and liberal political attitudes. Secularists are more likely to support Democratic candidates and align with liberal policies compared to their nonreligious counterparts. This tendency is evident across various policy areas, including social welfare, environmental protection, and immigration.

The study also reveals that secularists are staunch supporters of core democratic values. Secularists exhibit strong support for participatory democracy, advocating for the inclusion of all individuals in the political process and the removal of barriers to voting. They also emphasize the importance of freedom of expression, opposing censorship and supporting the right to express even unpopular or controversial ideas.

We suspect that having traditionally been the subject of political intolerance, secularists particularly atheists are highly supportive of extending political rights and civil liberties to other groups, even groups they dislike, the researchers remarked.

Interestingly, the researchers found that liberals, particularly those identifying as very liberal, are generally unsupportive of allowing disliked groups such as MAGA supporters, racists, or Muslim extremists to hold rallies, teach, or have their books in local libraries. On the other hand, secularists, despite having similar disliked groups, are more likely than nonsecularists to extend civil liberties to these groups, demonstrating a higher level of political tolerance.

It is striking that when the American right accuses secular liberals of trying to censor it or cancel it for expressing ideas they find distasteful, they are only half right. Ideological liberals do appear to support censoring and limiting the expression of some types of ideas and certain kinds of groups, the researchers explained.

However, when ideology and partisanship are held constant, secularists are just the opposite. They oppose censorship and limits on freedom of expression, and they support allowing all groupseven groups they find dangerous or distastefulto have a societal forum for expressing their perspectives.

Despite their strong secular identity and political engagement, secularists exhibit relatively low levels of participation in organized secular activities. The study found that while religious individuals often engage in regular communal activities, such as attending services and participating in church-related events, secularists do not have a comparable level of organized social engagement.

This finding suggests that secularism functions primarily as a psychological and ideological identity rather than a social movement with formal structures and regular communal activities. The lack of organized secular behavior highlights the individualistic nature of secularism, where personal beliefs and identities take precedence over collective action.

In American politics, religion has long mattered, the researchers concluded. The contours of American public opinion have been shaped by the nuances of religiosity, and religious appeals by candidates are commonplace. Now, secularism matters tooalthough its presence in the electorate remains largely hidden. However, as current trends continue, secularism will only be ignored at politicians peril. No understanding of the American electorate is complete without attention to the secular voter.

The study, The secular voter: Secularism and political attitudes in the United States, was authored by Geoffrey C. Layman, David E. Campbell, and Levi G. Allen.

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Secularists revealed as a unique political force in America, with an intriguing divergence from liberals - PsyPost

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Principe, Democratic Republic of Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Senegal, Republic of Serbia and Montenegro Seychelles, Republic of Sierra Leone, Republic of Singapore, Republic of Slovakia (Slovak Republic) Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia, Somali Republic South Africa, Republic of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Spain, Spanish State Sri Lanka, Democratic Socialist Republic of St. Helena St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Pierre and Miquelon St. Vincent and the Grenadines Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Suriname, Republic of Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands Swaziland, Kingdom of Sweden, Kingdom of Switzerland, Swiss Confederation Syrian Arab Republic Taiwan, Province of China Tajikistan Tanzania, United Republic of Thailand, Kingdom of Timor-Leste, Democratic Republic of Togo, Togolese Republic Tokelau (Tokelau Islands) Tonga, Kingdom of Trinidad and Tobago, Republic of Tunisia, Republic of Turkey, Republic of Turkmenistan Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu Uganda, Republic of Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom of Great Britain & N. Ireland Uruguay, Eastern Republic of Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of Viet Nam, Socialist Republic of Wallis and Futuna Islands Western Sahara Yemen Zambia, Republic of Zimbabwe

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Kamala Harris instantly ignited the Democrats. Will a leadership change do the same for the federal Liberals? - Toronto Star