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Berber

Various Berber languages are also spoken, including Tamasheq, Ghadams, Nafusi, Suknah and Awjilah.[1] Both Berber and Arabic languages belong to the wider Afroasiatic (Hamito-Semitic) family.

The most significant berber speaking group, the Nafusi, is concentrated in the Tripolitanian region.[2] Berber languages are also spoken in some oases, including Ghadams, Awjilah, Sawknah. Tamahaq is spoken by the Tuareg.

Libya's former Head of State Muammar Gaddafi denied the existence of Berbers as a separate ethnicity, and called Berbers a "product of colonialism" created by the West to divide Libya. The Berber language was not recognized or taught in schools, and for years it was forbidden in Libya to give children Berber names.[3][4]

After recent uprisings in Libya, the National Transitional Council (Revolutionaries) has shown an openness towards the Berber language. The independent Revolutionaries "Libya TV", has included the Berber language and its Tifinagh alphabet in some of its programming.[5]

Domari

The Domari, an Indo-Iranian language spoken by the Dom people (ca. 33,000 speakers).

Tedega

Tedaga, a Saharan language is spoken by the previously nomadic Teda people. The exact number of Teda is unknown.[6]

Turkish

A minority of Turkish speakers can be found in Libya, most of them belonging to the Kouloughli ethnicity that inhabit cities like Tripoli, Benghazi, and Misrata.

Greek

The Greek language is spoken by an unknown number of speakers in Cyrenaica by some of the descendants of Muslim Greeks (locally called Gritlis) who settled in the region at the end of the 19th century.

English is a notable foreign language in business and for economical purposes and also spoken by the young generation.[7]

Italian is spoken in the Italian Libyan community. Number of Italians and Italian speakers has drastically diminished since Libya's declaration of independence and mass repatriation of Italians. Nevertheless, English, French and Italian are used in commerce, due to the large influx of foreigners. [8]

After the Libyan Civil War and the help coming from France, the French language gained popularity among the younger generations. French authorities expressed their interest to encourage the teaching of French in Libya.[9]

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Languages of Libya - Wikipedia

The Tunisian Foreign Minister, Othman Jerandi, said his country's stance is in harmony with what Libyans want as regards to the mechanisms of finding way out the crisis, urging all parties to resort to dialogue.

The remarks came in a presser on Friday about the membership of Tunisia at the Security Council between 2020 and 2021, stressing that the Libyan situation is vital for the security of the region.

Jerandi added that Tunisia had been keen on taking up a leadership role at the Security Council as regards to issues related to Libya and helped devise resolutions on Libya, referring to the adoption of Berlin Conference conclusions and UNSMIL's mandate extension.

He indicated that Tunisia aims to bringing stability back to Libya to allow it to help establish peace and security in the Mediterranean as well as the Sahel region.

Tunisia hosted Libyan Political Dialogue Forum sessions in 2020, which led to the election of a new interim government in Libya, in addition to organizing meetings for the 5+5 Joint Military Commission for the unification of the military institution and withdrawal of foreign forces and mercenaries from the country.

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Jerandi: Tunisia's stance is in line with what Libyans want - The Libya Observer

Al-Araby Al-Jadeed website reported Egyptian sources tackling the situation in Libya as saying that there are positive signs that could lead to progress despite delayed elections, saying the Egyptian decision-making officials are conducting positive movements toward Libya.

The sources told Al-Araby Al-Jadeed that the biggest obstacle for Egypt in the Libyan crisis is the Turkish role that has always bothered Cairo.

The website said that another source said there are Egyptian efforts to infiltrate western Libya with large numbers of workers in coordination with the Government of National Unity, saying that the Ministry of Manpower started to announce a number of jobs in the Libyan government agencies in western Libya, which have been blocked to official Egyptian coordination for a long time since the outbreak of the revolution due to Egypts support for "eastern Libyan camp.

The source indicated that the Egyptian endeavor aims to prepare for the arrival of Egyptian companies to implement projects in western Libya, while Ankara is rushing to infiltrate "the eastern Libyan camp", on the political and economic levels, after high-level representatives of the parties in eastern Libya visited Turkey and met prominent officials in there.

The website pointed out that Cairo is carefully monitoring Turkish moves to strengthen its presence in eastern Libya, adding that the recent meetings that took place in Ankara between high-ranking figures from eastern Libya and Turkish officials touched upon the return of Turkish companies to the eastern region, in addition to ensuring maritime security for Turkish ships.

The source said that the Egyptian movements on the ground in western Libya aim to expedite the employment of Egyptian nationals in Libyan government agencies, in a way that paves the way for the return of Egyptian influence to those areas, noting that the committee concerned with following up on the Libyan file headed by the Undersecretary of the General Intelligence Service, Major General Ayman Badie, prepared a recent assessment of the status quo in the capital for the possibility of the official opening of the Egyptian embassy in Tripoli.

The source unveiled that the Egyptian efforts included recent communications at the security level between Egyptian officials and leaders of armed groups in western Libya, especially in the capital Tripoli, in addition to opening channels of communication with those leaders because, to the Egyptians, official communication with the interim Government of National Unity wasn't sufficient to secure the expected Egyptian presence in west Libya.

The Libyan Minister of Labor Ali Al-Abed announced last year the recruitment of more than one million Egyptian workers, who are set to arrive in the country in successive groups to work in the construction and bridges sector, with salaries that value at least 1500 dinars.

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Egyptian source: There's security communication with leaders of Tripoli armed factions - The Libya Observer

Libya's oil and sovereign revenues totaled 105.7 billion dinars in 2021, the Central Bank of Libya (CBL) says.

The total expenditure came to 86.1 billion dinars; 85.8 billion dinars were actual spending, the CBL explained on its Facebook Wednesday, noting that the figures were allocated based on 1/12 for the five expenditure sections.

According to the CBL data, the bank received 22.9 billion dollars last year. 24.5 billion dollars were used for foreign exchange, while the value of the deficit estimated at 1.6 billion dollars was covered by the bank's reserves in order to maintain the stability of the exchange rate.

The bank also outlined that the fees imposed on foreign exchange sales had not been used for any purpose during 2021.

It further disclosed that development spending represented 27% in 2021 compared with 4% during the past years.

In conclusion, the CBL revealed that some oil revenues owed by oil companies, estimated at billions of dollars, have not been reported to the Ministry of Finance's accounts at the bank.

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Libya's revenues over 105 billion LYD in 2021 - The Libya Observer

Have you heard the one about the Chicago street gang and the hostile foreign nation? It would be nice if this question were just a fun riddle, but it refers to an almost forgotten terrorism conspiracy investigation from 1986.

The case was a strange but true saga of international intrigue and treason involving two wildly different organizations that no one could have ever imagined would join forces against their common enemy, the United States government.

Retired agent Bill Dyson, who served 31 years with the FBI, provides a review of the case on the true crime and history podcastFBI Retired Case File Review. During the episode, he explains how the FBI disrupted a terrorist attack planned by a Chicago street gang known as the El Rukns. According to Dyson, the group was more than a gang. It was a well-organized crime syndicate.

Dyson, who at the time led the Chicago Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF), was contacted by colleagues assigned to the Chicago Divisions Organized Crime and Drug Enforcement Task Force. During a court-ordered Title III wiretap used while investigating members of the El Rukns for drug trafficking, they had overheard tidbits of conversations. The gangs discussions seemed to indicate the El Rukns were communicating with Libyan terrorists.

Dyson and members of the Chicago JTTF developed this information and learned that, indeed, members of the El Rukns were meeting with representatives of the then-hostile government of Libya led by Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi to discuss a conspiracy to perpetrate a terrorist attack inside the United States. Libya did not have the capability to attack the U.S. on its soil. However, for the right amount of money to finance their own agenda, an intermediary proposed that the El Rukns might be willing to do the Libyans dirty work.

The Chicago JTTF developed enough intelligence to stand up their own undercover operation and Title III. They soon discovered that the El Rukns leader, Jeff Fort, although serving a federal sentence for narcotic violations, continued to run the organization from his prison cell. The electronic monitoring also revealed to Dyson and his team that an associate of the El Rukns had traveled to Libya and that members of the organization had met with Libyan representatives in Panama to formulate the conspiracy. In exchange for cash and cocaine, the El Rukns agreed to obtain military-type weapons and explosives and to perpetrate a terrorist attack in the U.S. on the behalf of the Libyans. The JTTF introduced an FBI undercover operative to obtain additional intelligence and evidence and to thwart the attack.

Based on the successful intercepts, a search warrant was executed and multiple weapons, to include hand grenades, were seized. In August 1987, a 50-count indictment was filed against five members of the El Rukn organization. All were convicted at trial and four received sentences ranging from 51 to 80 years of incarceration.

The El Rukn-Libyan conspiracy investigation marked the first convictions of American citizens for conspiring to commit terrorist acts in their country for money on behalf of a foreign government.

After retiring from the bureau, Bill Dyson was hired by the University of Illinois and authored a college textbook titledTerrorism: An Investigators Handbook. He also worked for the Institute of Inter-Governmental Research, a nonprofit serving under a grant from the Department of Justice where he provided antiterrorism training to state and local police officers throughout the United States. Bill is now enjoying a much-earned retirement and spending time with his adult children and four grandchildren in sunny Florida.

Follow this link to listen to the full case review Episode 054: Bill Dyson El Rukn Libyan Terrorist Conspiracy

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Trafficking Terrorism: How a Street Gang Connected with Libyan Terrorists - HS Today - HSToday