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In Afghanistan, Iraq, and Libya, Washington toppled regimes and then failed to plan for a new government or construct effective local forceswith the net result being over 7,000 dead U.S. soldiers, tens of thousands of injured troops, trillions of dollars expended, untold thousands of civilian fatalities, and three Islamic countries in various states of disorder. We might be able to explain a one-off failure in terms of allies screwing up. But three times in a decade suggests a deeper pattern in the American way of war.

In the American mind, there are good wars: campaigns to overthrow a despot, with the model being World War II. And there are bad wars: nation-building missions to stabilize a foreign country, including peacekeeping and counterinsurgency. For example, the U.S. military has traditionally seen its core mission as fighting conventional wars against foreign dictators, and dismissed stabilization missions as military operations other than war, or Mootwa. Back in the 1990s, the chairman of the joint chiefs reportedly said, Real men dont do Mootwa. At the public level, wars against foreign dictators are consistently far more popular than nation-building operations.

The American way of war encourages officials to fixate on removing the bad guys and neglect the post-war stabilization phase. When I researched my book How We Fight, I found that Americans embraced wars for regime change but hated dealing with the messy consequences going back as far as the Civil War and southern reconstruction.

Dont all countries think this way? Interestingly, the answer is no. In modern conflicts, its actually pretty rare to insist on regime change. For example, China didnt demand it in its last major wars, against India in 1962, and Vietnam in 1979. Or consider the Gulf War in 1991, when over 70 percent of the American public wanted to march on Baghdad and topple Saddam Hussein, compared to just 27 percent of the British public. (In this case, President George H. W. Bush resisted the pressure to escalate to regime change, which is one reason he received little credit for the Gulf War and lost his reelection campaign the following year.)

What about the distaste for stabilization operations? There are certainly plenty of examples in which other countries grew weary of nation-building. The war in Afghanistan isnt exactly popular in Europe. But many Europeans, Canadians, Japanese, and Australians see peacekeeping as a core military task. Japan will only send its forces outside the homeland for peacekeeping missions in places like Cambodia and Mozambique. In a poll in 1995, Canadians said their countrys top contribution to the world was peacekeepingand not, surprisingly enough, hockey. In Ottawa, theres even a Peacekeeping Monument celebrating the countrys involvement in stabilization missions. Its hard to imagine a similar memorial on the Mall in Washington, D.C.

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The Libya Intervention: Obama's 'Worst Mistake' as America ...

Footage released by CNN shows men being sold at an auction in Libya.

The footage shows an auctioneer standing in front of a group of young men, shouting: Big strong boys for farm work. 400? 700? 800?

CNN traveled to Libya to verify the authenticity of the footage. There, they secretly filmed an auction outside the Libyan capital of Tripoli.

Referred to as merchandise, the men being sold into slavery were migrants and refugees. Twelve Nigerian men were sold at the auction.

Does anybody need a digger? This is a digger, a big strong man, hell dig, one salesman said.

Within minutes it is all over and the men, utterly resigned to their fate, are being handed over to their new masters, CNN reported.

CNN was informed of the location of nine auctions. However, there are believed to be many more.

In a statement, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) recently recounted the story of an unnamed Senegalese migrant sold into slavery.

According to the IOM, the migrant described being bought and then being brought to his first prison, a private home where more than 100 migrants were held as hostages.

He described dreadful sanitary conditions, and food offered only once per day. Some migrants who couldnt pay were reportedly killed, or left to starve to death.

A crackdown on people smuggling by the Libyan coast guard has led to an oversupply of refugee passengers expecting to be smuggled, by boat, into Europe.

The European Unions decision to tighten its borders has also contributed to a backlog of migrants and refugees in Libya.

Those stranded in Libya are forced into slavery by people smugglers. According to the UN, there are approximately 700,000 migrants in Libya.

Migrants who become slaves and are rescued are generally forced to return home empty-handed.

CNN told the story of a man named Victory, who left Nigeria for Libya, intending to travel to Europe for a better life. Having been sold into slavery in Libya, he was released after his family paid ransom.

He was then held by Libyan authorities, prior to his relocation back to Nigeria. Im not happy, he told CNN. I go back and start back from square one. Its very painful. Very painful.

In a statement, the United Nations has called for urgent action to end [Libyas] trade in enslaved people.

It is now clear that slavery is an outrageous reality in Libya. The auctions are reminiscent of one of the darkest chapters in human history, when millions of Africans were uprooted, enslaved, trafficked and auctioned to the highest bidder.

The issue has received international attention, partly due to the influence of star football player Paul Pogba on Instagram.

While very happy to be back, my prayers go to those suffering slavery in Libya. May Allah be by your side and may this cruelty come to an end, Pogba posted on Instagram.

There has been a 100-fold increase in interest in this after the simple gesture Pogba made, IOM online communications chief Itayi Viriri told Goal.

Originally posted here:
Slave auctions in Libya caught on camera - New York Post

Libyan warlord Gen. Khalifa Haftar is taking a new moves after suffering a series of military defeats in recent weeks. On Monday evening, he announced the formation of a new government, claiming to have a popular mandate. Haftar leads the so-called Libyan National Army (LNA), which on paper, serves the House of Representatives and the High Council of State in Tobruk, a port city on Libyas Mediterranean coast.

By deciding to seize political power, Haftar not only declared himself head of state but also scrapped the Skhirat Agreement, which the U.N. brokered in 2015. The warlord aims to create a new executive body under the U.N.-recognized House of Representatives and launch a transition process to discredit the internationally recognized Government of National Accord (GNA) and usurp Libyas leadership. Haftars second move was to accept the international call for a humanitarian cease-fire during the remainder of the Muslim holy month of Ramadan.

Haftars statements have an unmistakable meaning: Having failed to take the Libyan capital, Tripoli, through military force, the warlord now turns to diplomacy. After his defeat on the battlefield, Haftar seeks to keep a lid on discontent among his followers and strengthen his hand at the negotiating table.

Under normal circumstances, Haftar would have been expected to wait until he conquered Tripoli before declaring himself head of state. Yet Turkeys support for Libyas legitimate government since September 2019, coupled with the conclusion of two memoranda of understanding on Nov. 26, tilted the balance of power in the GNAs favor. Over the following months, Haftar lost control of his strongholds along the Mediterranean coast between the Libyan capital and Tunisia. The strategically important town of Tarhunah, too, remains under siege.

As the Libyan forces break the siege of Tripoli, Haftar faces growing criticism in eastern Libya. Turkish military support for the GNA prevented a collapse of the alliance around the capital. In places like Sirte, the risk of local fighters collaborating with Haftars militias has been mitigated. If anything, fighters and tribal leaders loyal to the LNA are increasingly likely to work with Libyas legitimate government, improving the GNAs reputation in the international communitys eye. In the end, Haftar was compelled to declare himself head of the state.

Haftars latest move clearly violates the terms, to which the parties agreed at the Berlin conference on Jan. 19. Indeed, the European Union, the U.S., France and Russia stated that they did not condone Haftars unilateral declaration. At the same time, Turkey accused the Libyan warlord of attempting to create a military dictatorship and pledged to defend the countrys legitimate government.

Needless to say, there is no reason to expect Haftar to abide by his own cease-fire or abort his mission to take Tripoli. He will use this opportunity to prepare fresh attacks. The Libyan warlord, who derives his power from certain tribes, local fighters, supporters of the Moammar Gadhafi regime and radical Madkhali Salafists, is forced to up the ante in order to keep that alliance intact. To contain anger over his latest defeats, Haftar put himself in charge of everything.

The international community remains unlikely to mount pressure on Haftar, who just scrapped a U.N.-brokered agreement and ignored the Berlin conference. The military conflict will continue, with no political process to reunite Libya in sight. Certain groups will continue to promote their own peace plans. But the situation will remain unchanged unless the great powers, i.e. the U.S., the EU, Russia and Turkey, impose a joint plan on all parties.

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Libya on the verge of division? | Daily Sabah - Daily Sabah

As Libyan strongman Khalifa Haftar unilaterally announced his acceptance of the Libyan presidency, Russian reaction was predictable: Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov called for diplomacy. In Moscow, we remain convinced that the only possible resolution in Libya can be through political and diplomatic communication between all parties, above all those in conflict, he said. Russian sources said the Libyans must implement the proposals from the January 2020 Berlin conference.

What Russia did not mention was the support Haftar is receiving from the Kremlin itself. Haftars primary fighters are not Libyans, but Russian mercenary soldiers from the Wagner Group, the same non-governmental unit that Russia deploys in Ukraine and Syria to do its ground fighting. Neither does Russia call for all parties to accept the internationally-recognized Government of National Accord; nor does it insist that Haftars rebels lay down their arms. As for the Berlin conference, Russia has indicated its time is past: Instead of a UN-sponsored peace conference, Russias call for diplomacy includes the statement: Russia remains in contact with all participants in the Libyan conference.

We have seen this before. In Azerbaijan, Russia holds separate peace talks over the future of Nagorno Karabakh, instead of furthering the internationally mandated Minsk process. In Georgia, Russia insisted it would provide a peacekeeping force until it used that peacekeeping force to fight in the 2015 war. Afterwards, Russia again insisted on diplomacy while recognizing the governments of the breakaway areas of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. In Moldova, Russia keeps troops bivouacked in Transdniestria while calling for negotiations with the central government. In Ukraine, Vladimir PutinVladimir Vladimirovich PutinGovernment warns Russia may try to advise 2020 candidates, campaigns in secret Pulitzer Prize awards include reporting on climate change, Putin Russia wants a frozen conflict in Libya MORE has issued a peace plan that calls for a peaceful end of that conflict but Russia will not allow Kyiv to control its own borders until the Kremlin-backed rebels have their demands met. In Syria, Russia calls on the world community to recognize the central government of Bashar al-Assad, while it actively supports groups opposed to the legitimate governments of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine.

Now it begins again in Libya. Libyas Interior Minister recently reported that Russias Wagner Group used a chemical nerve agent against government forces. Washington Institutes Anna Borshchevskaya documents a deeper Russian involvement than merely supplying mercenaries. Haftar reportedly reached out to Moscow for support sometime around 2015. In exchange, he promised to give Russia energy deals and port access. Putin began providing Haftar with military advice, diplomatic support at the United Nations, and even its own printed money. In 2017 Moscow flew dozens of Haftars wounded soldiers to Russia for treatment. The U.S. military believes that either Russian mercenaries or Haftar loyalists used Russian air defense systems to shoot down an American drone outside Tripoli last November. Yet, being able to operate a Russian air defense system is a high-end skill that not many mercenaries have, and raises questions about the full extent of Russias presence there.

Russia has pushed the West out of the Caucasus, made an attempt to peel Turkey away from NATO, seeks to use its energy policies to make Europe dependent on its good graces. The Caspian and Black Seas have become Russian lakes. With a major naval base in Syria, if Russia succeeds in becoming the indispensable actor in Libya, Putin will have succeeded in gaining control of the Eastern Mediterranean.

Despite the overwhelming evidence of Russias involvement on the rebel side, Moscow maintains correct relations with the Government of National Unity. This gives it the veneer of being merely an interested bystander instead of an active participant in the conflict. Russia has used the same tactic in Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. If the West wants to maintain a presence east of Italy, it needs to take the following steps:

James J. Coyle, Ph.D., served in a number of positions in the U.S. government, including as director of Middle East Studies, U.S. Army War College. He is the author of Russias Border Wars and Frozen Conflicts.

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Russia wants a frozen conflict in Libya | TheHill - The Hill

UNHCR has announced it will be distributing more emergency aid in Tripoli to help the most vulnerable during Ramadan, as war and the novel coronavirus pandemic increase difficulties for many.

The UN Refugee Agency, UNHCR announced on May 3 that it would bebeginning "a series of extra emergency distributions in Tripoli, toassist some of the most vulnerable people during Ramadan, as war andCOVID-19 present new threats."

Thefirst distribution took place on Sunday to 100 people in a deprivedarea of Tripoli where many live without sufficient water orsanitation. Some of those helped on May 3 told UNHCR staff they hadrecently been released from detention in Libya. Many of them had beenworking as day laborers but due to restrictions placed on them by themeasures taken to combat the coronavirus, they had lost their onlysource of income.

Food for a month

Each package, stated the UNHCR press release, contains a food parceldesigned to sustain someone for one month, water purificationtablets, from fellow UN Agency UNICEF, and a hygiene kit.

Theagency is aiming to reach 500 people by the end of the first weekand to have provided aid to about 4,000 by the end of the Muslim holymonth of fasting.

Jean-PaulCavalieri, the UNHCR Chief of Mission in Libya said: "We recognizethat daily life in Libya is terribly difficult, for Libyans as wellas refugees and asylum seekers." Cavalieri said that war andCOVID-19 had just made things even more challenging."

'Ramadan is a time to show solidarity'

Cavaliericontinued that "Ramadan is an important time to show solidaritywhen people are really struggling with their daily needs." He saidthat the lack of work meant that many who had been getting by were "unable to [] support themselves"

As wellas food packages, UNHCR said that they were also providing extra helpwith the Libyan health care system, which had been severely impactedby the conflict. "Many hospitals or health facilities, located inareas close to the conflict, have also been damaged or closed."

Thepress release stated that the UNHCR and partners are providing "generators, ambulances, pre-fab containers and tented clinics insupport of local health care services across the country." Corerelief items, including soap, have been distributed in Misrata andBenghazi to try and help at least 20,000 displaced people. "Severaldetention centers where hygiene conditions are very poor," havealso been targeted with relief.

As well as physical aid, UNHCR and its partners have stepped up theirpublic information campaigns, aiming to inform migrants about how toprotect themselves against being infected with the novel coronavirus.

Public health campaign

In avideo, a UNHCR volunteer Suleiman, originally from Somalia, tellsrefugees to "stay at home, wash your hands, and please take care ofyourselves." Suleiman is working with the UNHCR in Libya "toprotect refugees from the coronavirus," explains the video.Suleiman and the other volunteers share tips via WhatsAppabout how tohelp protectthemselves and others.

Other agencies are also distributing food and aid in Tripoli andbeyond. IOM Libya tweeted on April 30 that it was busy distributing aid to 150 migrants in Tripolialongside the World FoodProgramme (WFP).

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UNHCR increases relief to refugees and migrants in Libya during Ramadan - InfoMigrants