Barack Hussein Obama II (IPA: /bk ob.m/; sinh ngy 4 thng 8, 1961) l tng thng ng nhim ca Hoa K. ng l ngi M gc Phi u tin c bu vo chc v ny. Sinh trng Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama tt nghip Vin i hc Columbia v Trng Lut Vin i hc Harvard, ni ng tng l ch tch Harvard Law Review. Obama hot ng cng ng ti Chicago trc khi nhn vn bng lut, ri lm lut s v dn quyn v dy lut hin php ti Trng Lut Vin i hc Chicago t nm 1992 n 2004. ng phc v ba nhim k i din cho Ht 13 ti Thng vin Tiu bang Illinois t nm 1997 n 2004. Nm 2000, ng ng c vo Vin Dn biu Hoa K nhng tht bi.
Nm 2004, Obama gy ting vang ton quc khi c bi din vn then cht ti i hi Ton quc ng Dn ch vo thng 7, sau vo thng 11, ng c c vo Thng vin Hoa K. Trong chin dch tranh c tng thng khi u t nm 2007, n nm 2008, Obama thng st sao Hillary Rodham Clinton nhn s c ca ng Dn ch. ng nh bi ng c vin Cng ha John McCain trong cuc tng tuyn c, v tuyn th nhm chc Tng thng Hoa K ngy 20 thng 1, 2009. Chn thng sau, Obama c trao gii Nobel Ha bnh. n nm 2012, ng c c nhim k th hai sau chin thng trc ng c vin ng Cng ha Mitt Romney. Obama l ng c vin Dn ch u tin k t Franklin D. Roosevelt chin thng trong hai cuc bu c tng thng vi a s phiu ph thng.
Trong nhim k u, nhng sng kin ca Obama nhm kch thch nn kinh t dn n vic ban hnh o lut Phc hi v Ti u t (2009), o lut Gim thu v to vic lm (2010) hu c th ng ph vi cuc suy thoi ti M giai on 2007-2009; ng cng k ban hnh o lut chm sc v bo v bnh nhn; o lut bo v ngi tiu dng; o lut Dont Ask, Dont Tell Repeal Act (2010). V i ngoi, Obama chm dt s can thip qun s ca Hoa K ti Iraq, tng qun s ti Afghanistan, k hip c kim sot v trang New START vi Nga, ra lnh can thip qun s ti Lybia, v m cc cuc hnh qun tiu dit Osama bin Laden. Thng 5, 2010, Obama tr thnh Tng thng M u tin cng khai ng h vic hp php ha hn nhn ng tnh.
Cho i ngy 4 thng 4, 1961 ti Bnh vin Ph sn Kapiolani (nay l Trung tm Y t Kapolani cho Ph n v Nhi ng) Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama l tng thng u tin sinh ti Hawaii.[1][2] M ca Obama, Ann Duham, sinh ti Wichita, Kansas thuc dng di Anh. Cha ca Obama, Barack Obama, Sr., l ngi b tc Luo Nyanoma Kogelo, Kenya. B m Obama gp nhau nm 1960 trong lp hc ting Nga ti i hc HawaiI ti Mnoa; cha ca Obama c cp hc bng theo hc ti y.[3][4] Hai ngi kt hn ti Wailuku Maui ngy 2 thng 2, 1961,[5][6] ri ly thn khi m Obama em con trai mi sinh ti Seattle, Washington vo cui thng 8, 1961 theo hc ti i hc Washington trong mt nm. Cng lc, Obama, Sr. nhn vn bng tt nghip v kinh t hc ti Hawaii vo thng 6, 1962, ri nhn hc bng n hc cao hc ti i hc Harvard. Thng 3, 1964, hai ngi ly hn.[7] Obama Sr. tr v Kenya trong nm 1964 v ti hn; ng ch n Hawaii thm con trai mt ln duy nht trong nm 1982.[8] ng cht trong mt tai nn xe hi nm 1982.[9]
Nm 1963, Dunham gp Lolo Soetoro, mt sinh vin ngi Indonesia tt nghip mn a l ti Trung tm ng-Ty thuc i hc Hawaii, h kt hn vi nhau ti Molokai ngy 15 thng 3, 1965.[10] Sau mt nm gia hn visa J-1, nm 1966, Lolo tr v Indonesia, 16 thng sau Dunham em con trai n sng vi chng ti khu Menteng Dalam pha nam Jakarta, t nm 1970 h dn n mt khu sung tc hn trung tm Jakarta.[11] T 6 n 10 tui, Obama theo hc ti nhng trng ni ting Indonesia: Trng Cng gio St Francis of Asisi trong hai nm, v Trng Cng lp Besuki, cu cng hc thm ting Anh t b m.[12]
Nm 1971, Obama tr v Honolulu sng vi ng b ngoi, Madelyn v Stanley Dunham, cu ginh c mt hc bng vo Trng Punahou, mt trng t thc, v hc y t lp nm cho n khi tt nghip nm 1979.[13] T nm 1972 n 1975, Ann Dunham nghin cu mn nhn hc ti i hc Hawaii, nh m cu c c hi sng gn m v em gi.[14] Obama quyt nh li Hawaii vi ng b ngoi tip tc chng trnh hc ti Trng Punahou khi m cu, em theo em gi, quay v Indonesia trong nm 1975 nghin cu thc a.[15] Trong gn hai thp nin k tip, Ann sng Indonesia, ly d Lolo nm 1980, ly bng Tin s nm 1992, trc khi qua i nm 1995 ti Hawaii do bnh ung th bung trng v ung th t cung.[16]
V thi th u ca mnh, Obama nhc li, "B ti trng khng ging nhng ngi xung quanh ng en nh nh ni, m m ti trng nh sa ti ch nh nh th."[4] ng cng miu t nhng n lc thi thanh nin thch ng vi nhng nh kin x hi v ngun gc a chng tc ca mnh.[17]
Nhng khi nh v nhng nm sng Honolulu khi tui i tng dn, Obama vit: "C hi Hawaii m cng hin tri nghim mt nn vn ha a dng trong mt mi trng sng tn trng ln nhau tr thnh mt phn khng th thiu trong nhn sinh quan ca ti, v l nn tng cho nhng gi tr thn thit nht m ti lun nm gi."[18] Obama cng k v vic cu dng ru, marijuana, v cocaine khi cn l mt thiu nin "tng kh khi tm tr cu hi ti l ai".[19] Ti Civil Forum on the Presidency nm 2008, Obama by t s n hn v dng ma ty trong nhng ngy trng trung hc.[20]
Sau khi tt nghip trung hc, nm 1979, Obama vo i hc Occidental Los Angeles. Nm 1981, Obama vo i hc Columbia Thnh ph New York, hc mn khoa hc chnh tr, chuyn ngnh quan h quc t,[21] tt nghip vi vn bng c nhn nm 1983, lm vic mt nm cho Business International Corporation,[22] ri New York Public Interest Research Group.[23][24]
Hai nm sau khi tt nghip, Obama tr thnh gim c n Pht trin Cng ng, mt t chc lin kt vi gio hi bao gm 8 gio x Cng gio ti Roseland, West Pullman, v Riverdale thuc khu South Side, Chicago, v hot ng trong khu vc ny nh l mt nh t chc cng ng t thng 6, 1985 n thng 5, 1988.[24][25] ng gip thit lp mt chng trnh hun nghip, mt chng trnh d b i hc, v mt t chc bo v quyn li ngi thu nh thuc n Algeld Gardens.[26] Obama cng m nhn chc trch t vn vin v hng dn vin cho T chc Gamaliel, mt hc vin v t chc cng ng.[27]
n gia nm 1988, ln u tin ng n chu u, lu li y ba tun, ri n Kenya trong nm tun gp g nhiu thn nhn bn h ni, y l ln u tin h gp nhau.[28][29] Nm 1922, Obama tr li Kenya vi hn th, Michelle, v em gi Auma,[28][30] ri n Kenya ln th ba vo thng 8, 2006 thm ni sinh trng ca cha, mt ngi lng gn Kisumu, pha ty Kenya.[31]
Cui nm 1988, Obama vo Trng Lut Harvard, ri c chn lm bin tp vin cho t Harvard Law Review vo cui nm th nht,[32] v ch tch ca t tp ch vo nm hc th hai.[26][33] Vo nhng dp h, ng tr v Chicago, lm vic ti cng ty lut Sidley Austin nm 1989, v Hopkins & Sutter nm 1990.[34] Sau khi tt nghip nm 1991 vi vn bng tin s (J. D.) hng u t Harvard, ng v Chicago.[32] Obama l ngi da en u tin c bu vo chc ch tch tp ch Harvard Law Review nn gy nhiu ch , nh m c c hp ng cho mt quyn sch vit v mi quan h chng tc,[35] c pht trin thnh mt cun hi k, xut bn vo gia nm 1995 vi ta Dreams from My Father.[35]
c th hon thnh quyn sch u tin ca mnh, ng c cp hc bng v mt vn phng vit sch, nm 1991, Obama nhn mt v tr thnh ging v Lut hc v Chnh quyn hc ti Trng Lut i hc Chicago.[35] Ri ng ging dy mn lut hin php ti Trng Lut i hc Chicago sut mi hai nm trong cng v ging vin (1992 1996), v ging vin chnh (1996 2004).[36]
T thng 4 n thng 10, 1992, Obama lnh o t chc Project Vote vi mi nhn vin v by trm tnh nguyn vin, nhm n mc tiu vn ng t 150 000 n 400 000 ngi M gc Phi trong tiu bang Illinois ng k bu c.
Nm 1993, Obama lm vic cho cng ty lut Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Garland chuyn v dn quyn v pht trin kinh t khu dn c.[37]
T nm 1994 n 2002, Obama c b nhim vo ban gim c Woods Fund of Chicago, nm 1985 t chc ny gy qu cho n Pht trin Cng ng.[24] ng cng c tn trong ban gim c Chicago Annenberg Challenge t nm 1995 2002, l ch tch sng lp v ch ta ban gim c t nm 1995-1999.[24]
Obama c c vo Thng vin Illinois nm 1996, k nhim Thng ngh s Alice Palmer i din cho ht 13 ca Illinois.[38] ng ginh c s ng h t hai ng cho nhng n lc ci cch lut l v y t v o c.[39] Nm 2001, trong cng v ng ch ta mt y ban hn hp, Obama ng h Thng c Ryan thuc ng Cng ha ban hnh nhng quy nh v tn dng nhm ngn chn nhng v tch bin nh th chp.[40]
Nm 1988, Obama ti c c vo Thng vin bang Illinois sau khi nh bi ng vin ng Cng ha Yessee Yehudah, ri li c c ln na nm 2002.[41] Trc , trong nm 2000, Obama tht bi trc Bobby Rush trong n lc tranh mt gh trong Vin Dn biu Hoa K.
Khng mt ngi dn no mong i chnh ph gii quyt mi kh khn ca h. Nhng h cm nhn c, t trong su thm ca y lng, cn c mt s thay i da theo nhng u tin hp l, c th bo m rng mi a tr ti M u c s khi u tt cho cuc i chng, v cnh ca c hi lun rng m cho mi ngi. H bit rng chng ta c th lm tt hn. V h mun chng ta phi lm th.
Barack Obama, Din vn ti i hi Ton quc ng Dn ch nm 2004.[42]
Thng 1, 2003, Obama tr thnh ch tch y ban Y t v Dn sinh ti Thng vin Illinois khi ng Dn ch ginh c th a s sau mt thp nin l ng thiu s.[43] ng bo tr v vn ng thng qua o lut gim st vic thc thi lut php da trn s phn loi chng tc bng cch yu cu cnh st bo co chng tc nhng ngi li xe m h bt gi, v o lut bt buc ghi hnh cc cuc thm vn trong nhng v n st nhn.[44] Thng 11, 2004, Obama t nhim khi Thng vin Illinois sau khi c c vo Thng vin Hoa K.[45]
Thng 5, 2002, Obama m mt cuc thm d v trin vng cho cuc ua vo Thng vin Hoa K, thnh lp ban vn ng, khi s gy qu, v tuyn dng c vn chnh tr David Axelrod. n thng 1, 2003, ng chnh thc tuyn b tranh c.[46] Ngay t u, Obama phn i chnh ph George W. Bush v v xm lng Iraq nm 2003.[47] Ngy 2 thng 10, 2002, ngy Tng thng Bush v Quc hi ng thun v ngh quyt tin hnh chin tranh, ng cng khai by t lp trng chng i trong mt ln ni chuyn ti mt cuc t hp chng chin tranh Iraq. Trong mt cuc t hp khc vo thng 3, 2003, Obama ni vi m ng rng " qu tr" dng cuc chin ny.
C 15 ng vin thuc hai ng Cng ha v Dn ch tham d cuc ua, nhng vi chin thng p o trong vng bu c s b, Obama t ngt tr thnh ngi sao y trin vng ca ng Dn ch trn chnh trng lin bang. Bt u xut hin nhng suy din v trin vng tranh c tng thng, nh m quyn hi k ca ng, Dreams from My Father, c ti bn. n thng 7, 2004, Obama c bi din vn then cht ti i hi Ton quc ng Dn ch nm 2004,[48] c 9,1 triu ngi xem. Bi din vn to ting vang v v tr ca Obama trong ng Dn ch c nng cao.
Thng 6, 2004, i th thuc ng Cng ha, Jack Ryan, rt lui khi cuc ua. Su tun l sau, Alan Keyes nhn s ca ng Cng ha thay th v tr ca Ryan. Trong cuc tng tuyn c thng 11, 2004, Obama chim 70% tng s phiu bu.
Ngy 3 thng 1, 2005, Obama tuyn th nhm chc thng ngh s, l thnh vin duy nht ca Cu lc b Ngh s Lin bang Da en n t Thng vin Hoa K. CQ Weekly, cn c trn bng phn tch nhng biu quyt ca Obama ti Thng vin t nm 2005 2007, xp ng vo thnh phn "ng vin Dn ch trung kin". Ngy 13 thng 11, 2008, Obama tuyn b t nhim t ngy 16 thng 11, 2008 tp trung cho giai on tip nhn chc v tng thng.
Obama bo tr o lut Secure America and Orderly Immigration,[49] v gii thiu hai d lut mang tn ng: Lugar-Obama,[50] v o lut Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency nm 2006 thit lp USAspending.gov, mt cng c tm kim trn internet v chi tiu lin bang.[51] Ngy 3 thng 6, 2008, Obama cng cc thng ngh s Tom Carper, Tom Coburn, v John McCain trnh mt d lut gim st chi tiu ca lin bang: o lut Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending 2008.[51] Obama cng bo tr mt d lut i hi ch nhn nhng nh my ht nhn phi thng bo cho gii hu trch tiu bang v a phng v tnh trng r r phng x, nhng khng c Thng vin thng qua.[52]
Thng 1, 2007, Obama trnh d lut Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention nhm buc ti hnh s cc th on la o trong nhng cuc bu c lin bang,[53] v Iraq War De-Escaltion 2007,[54] nhng c hai d lut ny u khng c thng qua. Thng 12 nm 2006, Tng thng Bush k ban hnh o lut Xc tin Dn ch, An ninh, Cu t ti Cng ha Dn ch Congo, nh du n lc u tin ca Chnh ph lin bang c khi xng bi Obama[55].
Cui nm 2007, Obama bo tr mt tu chnh nhm tng thm s bo tr dnh cho qun nhn gii ng do ri lon nhn cch.[56] Tu chnh ny c Thng vin thng qua vo ma xun nm 2008.[57] ng cng bo tr mt tu chnh cho Chng trnh Y t dnh cho tr em, cung ng mt nm bo tr vic lm cho cc thnh vin gia nh ang chm sc thng binh.[58]
Trong nm 2006, Obama c chn trong cc y ban Thng vin nh Ngoi giao, Mi trng v Tin ch cng v Cu Chin binh[55].
Thng 1 nm 2007, ng ri y ban Mi trng v Tin ch cng, nhn nhim v y ban Y t, Gio dc, Lao ng v Hu tr v y ban Ni chnh v Chnh quyn[59]. ng cng l Ch tch Tiu ban Thng vin v u chu[60].
L thnh vin y ban Ngoi giao Thng vin, Obama m cc cuc ving thm chnh thc n ng u, Trung ng v Phi chu. Thng 8 nm 2005, ng n Nga, Ukraina v Azerbaijan. Chuyn i tp ch vo chin lc kim sot ngun cung cp v kh quy c, v kh sinh hc v v kh hy dit hng lot nh l bin php ban u chng cc cuc tn cng khng b[61].
Sau nhng ln thm binh s M tr ng Kuwait v Iraq trong thng 1 nm 2006, Obama n Jordan, Israel v lnh th Palestine. Trong mt ln gp g sinh vin Palestine hai tun l trc khi Hamas thng cuc bu c, Obama cnh bo: "Hoa K s khng bao gi cng nhn cc ng vin Hamas thng c tr khi h t b lp trng xa b quc gia Israel"[61].
Thng 8 nm 2006, ng n thm Nam Phi, Kenya, Djibouti, Ethiopia v Tchad. Khi din thuyt ti i hc Nairobi, ng cp n nn tham nhng v s bt ha gia cc chng tc[62], khi dy nhng tranh ci trong vng gii lnh o Kenya, mt s ngi xem nhn xt ca ng l thiu chnh xc v khng cng bng, trong khi nhng ngi khc bnh vc ng[63].
Thng 2 nm 2007, ng trc ta nh Old State Capitol ti Springfield, Illinois, Obama tuyn b chnh thc tham gia cuc ua vo Ta Bch c nm 2008[64]. im li qu trnh hot ng ca mnh ti Illinois trong hm lin kt vi hnh nh ca Abraham Lincoln khi c bi din vn "Mt nh t chia r" nm 1858 ti chnh a im ny[65], Obama ni: " l l do, ngay di bng ta nh Old State Capitol, ni Lincoln mt ln ku gi s ha gii v on kt cho mt nh t chia r, ni nhng nim hi vng v nhng gic m c mi ngi cng chia s vn cn sng ng, hm nay ti ng trc qu v thng bo quyt nh ra tranh c Tng thng Hip Chng Quc Hoa K."
Obama cng nhn mnh n i hi chm dt cuc chin Iraq, tng cng s c lp v nng lng, v cung ng s chm sc sc khe ph qut,[66] trong chin dch tranh c vi ch chnh l "nim hi vng" v "thay i".[67]
C kh ng ng vin trong vng bu c s b ca ng Dn ch, nhng sau cng ch cn l cuc tranh chp tay i gia Obama v Thng ngh s Hillary Rodham Clinton. Khong cch gia Clinton v Obama thu hp dn, phn ln l do Obama c k hoch di hn tt hn, vt tri v kh nng gy qu, v bit cch tn dng li th theo lut bu c.
Ngy 7 thng 6, 2008, Clinton rt lui khi cuc ua ng thi tuyn b ng h Obama.[68]
Ngy 23 thng 8, Obama chn Joe Biden, thng ngh s i din bang Delaware, vo lin danh.[69]
Ti i hi Ton quc ng Dn ch Denver, Colorado, Obama c bi din vn chp nhn s c, khng phi trong phng hp ca i hi m ti vn ng trng Invesco Field at Mile High trc c ta 75 000 ngi; 38 triu ngi trn khp th gii theo di s kin ny.[70]
Trong giai on bu c s b cng nh trong cuc tng tuyn c, chin dch tranh c ca Obama lp k lc v gy qu, nht l nhng khon ng gp nh.
Obama v John McCain, ng c vin c ng Cng ha c, tham d ba cuc tranh lun trong thng 9 v thng 10 nm 2008. Ngy 4 thng 11, Obama thng c vi 365 phiu c tri on, McCain c 173 phiu. Obama ginh c 52,9% phiu ph thng, t l ny ca McCain l 45,7%.[71]
Obama tr thnh ngi M gc Phi u tin c bu vo chc v Tng thng Hoa K. ng c bi din vn chin thng trc hng trm ngn ngi tp hp v Cng vin Grant Chicago.[72]
Ngy 4 thng 4, 2011, Obama tuyn b ti tranh c qua video "It Begins with Us" c a ln website ca ng, v np h s cho y hi Tuyn c Lin bang.[74][75][76] L tng thng ng chc, Obama khng c i th trong giai on bu c s b ca ng Dn ch,[77] ngy 3 thng 4, 2012, ng c 2778 i biu ng h c ng Dn ch c.[78]
Ti i hi Ton quc ng Dn ch 2012 t chc Charlotte, North Carolina, cu tng thng Bill Clinton chnh thc c Obama v Joe Biden lm ng c vin tng thng v ph tng thng, i u vi ng c vin ng Cng ha Mitt Romney, cu Thng c tiu bang Massachusetts, v Dn biu Paul Ryan.[79]
Ngy 6 thng 11, 2012 Obama ginh c 332 phiu c tri on, vt qu s quy nh 270 phiu tip tc chc v tng thng cho nhim k th hai.[80][81][82]
Obama l tng thng Dn ch u tin k t Franklin D. Roosevelt hai ln ginh c a s phiu ph thng.[83]
Khi pht biu vi nhng ngi ng h v cc tnh nguyn vin ti trung tm hi ngh McCormick Place Chicago sau khi ti c c, Obama ni:
L nhm chc ca Barack Obama nh l Tng thng th 44 ca Hoa K din ra ngy 20 thng 1, 2009. Ngay t nhng ngy u tin, Obama ban hnh nhng sc lnh v nhng bn ghi nh hng dn qun i Hoa K pht trin k hoch trit thoi binh s khi Iraq.[85] ng ra lnh ng ca tri giam Vnh Guantanamo,[86] nhng b Quc hi cn tr bng cch t chi cp ngn qu.[87][88][89] Obama cng cho h thp tiu chun b mt dnh cho cc cuc ghi m ca tng thng.[90]
D lut u tin c Obama k ban hnh l o lut Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act nm 2009.[91] Nm ngy sau, ng k lnh ti khi ng Chng trnh Bo him Sc khe cho Tr em, h tr cho 4 triu tr em khng c bo him.[92] Thng 3, 2009, Obama o ngc chnh sch ca chnh ph Bush hn ch ngn qu dnh cho nghin cu t bo gc t phi, cng lc ng cam kt pht trin "nhng hng dn nghim ngt" cho cc cuc nghin cu.[93]
Ngay trong hai nm u ca nhim k tng thng, Obama b nhim hai ph n vo ta n ti cao. Sonia Sotomayor thay th David Souter v hu. c chun thun ngy 6 thng 8, 2009, Sotomayor l ngi ni ting Ty Ban Nha u tin c b nhim vo ta ti cao.[94][95] Vi vic b nhim Elena Kagan, c Obama c ngy 10 thng 10, 2010 thay th John Paul Stevens v hu, c ph chun ngy 5 thng 8, 2010, ln u tin trong lch s c ba n thm phn phc v ti Ti cao Php vin Hoa K.[96]
Ngy 30 thng 9, 2009, chnh quyn Obama xut bn quy tc mi v nh my in, hng xng v nh my lc du trong n lc hn ch kh thi gy hiu ng nh knh v km hm tnh trng nng m ton cu.[97][98]
Trong thng 4, 2010, Obama cng b mt s thay i trong nh hng ca NASA, c quan khng gian Hoa K, cung cp ngn qu cho cc n khoa hc a cu, mt loi ha tin mi, nghin cu v pht trin cc chuyn thm him Sao Ha, v cc chuyn bay n Trm Khng gian Quc t.[99]
Ngy 22 thng 12, 2010, Obama k ban hnh Sc lnh Dont Ask, Dont Tell Repeal 2010, thc hin li ha ca ng khi tranh c[100][101] chm dt chnh sch Dont ask, dont tell nm 1993 ngn cm ngi ng tnh tham gia lc lng v trang.[102]
Trong thng ip lin bang nm 2011, tng thng tp ch vo cc ch gio dc v i mi, nhn mnh n tm quan trng ca i mi kinh t tng cng sc mnh cnh tranh ca nc M trn th gii. ng ni v vic ng bng chi tiu ni a trong 5 nm, b vic gim thu cho cc cng ty du m, o ngc chnh sch ct gim thu cho gii giu c nht, v ct gim chi ph y t. Tng thng cng cam kt n nm 2015 s c 1 triu xe chy bng in lu thng trn ng.[103][104]
T khi tranh c vo thng vin Illinois nm 1996, Obama ng h hn nhn ng tnh;[105] nhng khi tranh c vo Thng vin Hoa K nm 2004, ng tuyn b ng h s kt c dn s (civil union) v chng i hn nhn ng tnh.[106] Ngy 9 thng 5, 2012, mt thi gian ngn sau khi tuyn b ti tranh c, Obama ni rng ng thay i quan im v cng khai ng h hn nhn ng tnh. Obama l tng thng M u tin ng h hn nhn ng tnh.[107][108]
Ngy 17 thng 2, 2009, Obama ban hnh gi kch thch tr gi 787 t USD nhm phc hi nn kinh t ang chu nh hng t t suy thoi ton cu,[109] vi cc bin php nh gia tng chi tiu lin bang cho y t, c s h tng, gio dc, ct gim thu, v h tr trc tip cho cc c nhn.
i ph vi cn khng hong ti chnh, B trng Ngn kh cung ng qu d phng 2 000 t USD mua bt ng sn ang mt gi. Obama quyt nh can thp vo nn cng nghip t ang b khng hong,[110] cho gia hn cc khon n ca General Motors v Chrysler tip tc sn xut trong khi tin hnh ci t. Trong nhng thng k tip, Ta Bch c thit lp iu kin ph sn cho hai cng ty, trong c vic bn Chrysler cho cng ty Fiat ca ,[111] v ti cu trc GM, chnh ph M mua 60% c phn, chnh ph Canada mua 12%.[112]
n thng 6, 2009, khng hi lng vi tin ca gi kch thch kinh t, Obama ku gi ni cc y mnh u t.[113] ng ban hnh chng trnh Car Allowance Rebate System tr gi 3 t USD, h tr ngi dn i xe c tiu hao nhiu nhin liu cho xe mi tit kim nhin liu.[114][115][116]
Ging nm 2008, t l tht nghip tip tc gia tng trong nm 2009, n nh im vo thng 10 mc 10%. Sang qu 1 nm 2010, t l tht nghip c ko xung cn 9,7%, ri 9,6% trong qu 2 cho n cui nm.[117] T thng 2 n thng 12 nm 2010, t l ngi c vic lm tng 0,8%.[118] Qu 3 nm 2009 chng kin mc tng trng GDP l 1,6%, qu 4 l 5,0%,[119] t l ny trong qu 1 nm 2010 l 3,7%.[119]
Thng 7, 2010, Qu D tr Lin bang cho bit cc hot ng kinh t tip tc gia tng nhng nhp chm. Ch tch Qu D tr Lin bang, Ben Bernake, ni rng tng quan nn kinh t l "khng n nh cch bt thng".[120] Nhn chung, nn kinh t pht trin mc 2,9% trong nm 2010.[121]
Vn phng Ngn sch Quc hi v phn ln cc nh kinh t hc cho rng k hoch kch thch ca Obama gip tng trng kinh t.[122][123] Vn phng pht hnh mt bn bo co theo gi kch thch lm gia tng s ngi c vic lm t 1 2,1 triu.[122][123][124][125][126]
Obama ku gi Quc hi thng qua lut ci t h thng chm sc sc khe ca Hoa K, mt li ha quan trng khi tranh c v l mt mc tiu lp php ca ng.[127]
Obama ngh m rng bo him y t bao gm nhng ngi cha c bo him, v cho php nhng ngi mt vic hoc thay i cng vic duy tr bo him ca mnh. ng ku gi chi tiu 900 t USD trong 10 nm v bao gm mt k hoch bo him ca chnh ph cnh tranh vi khu vc bo him t nh l mt bin php nhm lm gim gi bo him ng thi nng cao cht lng h thng chm sc sc khe. D lut cng quy nh vic b ri ngi mc bnh l bt hp php, v yu cu tt c ngi M u c bo him sc khe. K hoch ny cng tnh n vic ct gim chi tiu y t v nh thu trn nhng cng ty bo him cung ng cc gi bo him t tin.[128][129]
Ngy 14 thng 7, 2009, gii lnh o ng Dn ch Vin Dn biu gii thiu bn k hoch dy 1 017 trang xem xt ton b h thng chm sc sc khe ca nc M; Obama mun Quc hi ph chun k hoch ny vo cui nm 2009.[127]
Sau nhiu cuc tranh lun din ra sut k ngh h nm 2009 ca Quc hi, ngy 9 thng 9,Obama c din vn trc k hp ton th ca Quc hi, by t mi quan tm n nhng xut.[130] Thng 3, 2009, Obama g b lnh cm s dng ngn sch lin bang cho nghin cu t bo gc.[131]
Ngy 21 thng 3, 2010, o lut Patient Protection and Affordable Care c Thng vin thng qua, trc trong thng 12 Vin Dn biu biu quyt vi t l 219-212 ph chun d lut. Tng thng k ban hnh ngy 23 thng 3, 2010.[132][133]
Obama gi cuc cuc bu c ngy 2 thng 11, 2010, khi ng Dn ch mt 63 gh Vin Dn biu,[134] l "ng h thn" v l mt "tht bi nng n".[135] ng ni rng s tht bi ny l do ngi dn M cha cm thy tc dng ca tin trnh phc hi kinh t.[136]
Trong thng 2 v thng 3, Ph Tng thng Joe Biden v Ngoi trng Hillary Rodham Clinton thc hin nhng chuyn cng du ring l nhm cng b mt "k nguyn mi" trong tiu bang giao gia Hoa K vi Nga v u chu, nhng t "t ph" v "iu chnh" c s dng bo trc nhng thay i quan trng trong chnh sch ngoi giao. Obama t mun tip cn vi gii lnh o -rp khi dnh cho knh truyn hnh -rp, Al Arabiya, cuc phng vn u tin ca ng.[137]
Ngy 19 thng 3, Obama tip tc n lc tip cn vi th gii Hi gio bng cch gi thng ip nm mi qua mt video n nhn dn v chnh quyn Iran,[138] nhng b gii lnh o Iran c tuyt.[139] n thng 4, bi din vn ca Obama c ti Ankara, Th Nh K c chnh ph cc nc -rp tip nhn cch thun li.[140] Ngy 4 thng 6, 2009, trong din t c ti i hc Cairo, Ai Cp, Obama ku gi cho "mt s khi u mi" trong mi quan h gia th gii Hi gio vi Hoa K, ng cng ln ting thc y tin trnh ha bnh Trung ng.
Ngy 26 thng 6, 2009, phn ng trc hnh ng ca chnh ph Iran chng li nhng ngi biu tnh sau cuc bu c tng thng 2009 Iran, Obama ni: "S dng bo lc chng li h l v nhn o. Chng ti theo di v ln n chng."[141]
Ngy 24 thng 9, 2009, Obama tr thnh Tng thng Hoa K u tin ch ta mt cuc hp ca Hi ng Bo an Lin Hip Quc.[142]
Thng 3, 2010, Obam cng khai chng li k hoch ca Th tng Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu, tip tc n xy dng nh cho ngi Do Thi trong nhng khu dn c c nhiu ngi -rp khu ng Jerusalem.[143][144]
Cng trong thng ny, mt tha thun t c vi chnh ph Dmitry Medvedev ca Nga thay th Tha c Ct gim V trang Chin lc 1991 bng mt hip c mi ct gim mt phn ba s lng v kh ht nhn tm xa trong kho v kh ca c hai bn.[145] Hip c New START ny c Obama v Medvedev k kt trong thng 4, 2010, v c Thng vin Hoa K ph chun vo thng 12, 2010.[146]
Ngy 27 thng 2, 2009, khi ni chuyn vi binh s Thy qun Lc chin M sp c gi n Afghanistan, Obama tuyn b rng qun i Hoa K s chm dt cc cuc hnh qun chin u ti Iraq trong vng 18 thng, "Cho php ti trnh by iu ny cch r rng nht: n 31 thng 8, 2010, nhim v chin u ca chng ta ti Iraq s chm dt."[147] Cuc trit thoi s c hon tt trong thng 8, 2010, li mt lc lng chuyn tip t 35 000 n 50 000 binh s cho n cui nm 2011.
Ngy 19 thng 8, 2010, l on chin u cui cng ri khi Iraq. Lc lng chuyn tip m trch cng tc chng khng b, hun luyn, trang b, v c vn cho lc lng an ninh Iraq.[148][149]
Ngy 31 thng 8, 2010, Obama tuyn b nhim v chin u ca Hoa K ti Iraq chm dt.[150]
Ngy 21 thng 10, 2011, Tng thng Obama tuyn b ton b binh s Hoa K ri khi Iraq kp on t vi gia nh trong nhng ngy l.[151]
T lc mi nhm chc, Obama ch trng tng cng sc mnh qun s ti Afghanistan,[152] ng tuyn b gia tng s binh s M ln n 17 000 ngi nhm "o ngc tnh hnh ang sa st ti Afghanistan", vng t theo ng khng nhn "s quan tm chin lc v ngun lc cn thit".[153]
Thng 5, 2009, Tng thng thay th t lnh qun i ti y, Tng David D. McKiernan, bng cu t lnh Lc lng c bit, Tng Stanley A. McChrystal, ng rng nhng kinh nghim ca McChrystal trong Lc lng c bit s gip p dng hiu qu chin thut chng ni dy trong chin tranh . Ngy 1 thng 12, 2009, Obama tuyn b b sung 30 000 qun n Afghanistan.[154] ng cng xut k hoch rt qun trong vng 18 thng k t ngy ny.[155]
Sau khi b ch huy ca McChrystal ch trch nhn vin Ta Bch c, thng 6, 2010, David Petraeus c b nhim thay th McChrystal.[156]
Obama miu t mi dy rng buc gia Hoa K vi Israel l "khng th ph v c".[157] Ngay t u, chnh ph Obama y mnh hp tc qun s vi Israel bng cch tng vin tr qun s, lp li Nhm Chnh tr Qun s Hoa K-Israel, v Nhm T vn Chnh sch Quc phng, gia tng cc chuyn ving thm qun s cao cp gia hai nc.[158] Chnh ph Obama yu cu Quc hi phn b tin cho chng trnh Iron Dome nhm p tr t sng tn cng bng ha tin ca Paestine nhm vo Israel.[159]
Trong nm 2011, Hoa K ph quyt mt ngh quyt ca Hi ng Bo an Lin Hip Quc ln n cc khu nh c ca Israrel. Hoa K l quc gia duy nht chng li ngh quyt ny.[160] Obama ng h gii php hai nh nc trong cuc tranh chp -rp Israel da trn hin trng nm 1967.[161]
Thng 3, 2011, khi lc lng trung thnh vi Muammar Gaddafi p o nhng nhm ni dy trn khp lnh th Libya, u chu v Lin on -rp ln ting ku gi thnh lp mt khu vc cm bay, v Thng vin Hoa K nht tr thng qua mt ngh quyt.[162]
Phn ng trc Ngh quyt 1973 ca Hi ng Bo an Lin Hip Quc, Gaddafi trc th rng s "khng dung tha" i vi phe ni dy Benghazi[163] tuyn b ngng lp tc mi hot ng qun s.[164] Tuy nhin, c nhng bo co v vic binh s ca Gaddafi tip tc n pho vo Misrata. Hm sau, theo ch th ca Obama, qun lc Hoa K dn u cc cuc khng kch, s dng ha tin Tomahawk, oanh tc c tng hnh B-2 Spirit, v cc chin u c[165][166][167] hy dit kh nng phng v ca chnh ph Libya vi l do bo v tnh mng thng dn v cng ch thi hnh lnh cm bay.[168]
Su ngy sau, 25 thng 3, vi s ng thun ca 23 thnh vin, NATO lnh o chin dch Operation Unified Protector. S h tr ca NATO l nhn t quyt nh dn n s sp ca ch Gaddafi ngy 23 thng 10, 2011.[169]
Khi u vi nhng thng tin tip nhn trong thng 7, 2010, mng li tnh bo ca CIA trong nhng thng k tip xc nh rng Osama bin Laden ang tr n trong mt ta nh kn o Abbottabad, mt vng ngoi cch Islamabad, th Pakistan, 35 dm.[170] Thng 3, 2011, Gim c CIA Leon Panetta tng trnh nhng thng tin tnh bo cho Tng thng Obama.[170] Trong su tun k tip, khi hp bn vi cc c vn an ninh, Obama bc b k hoch nm bom, nhng cho php ton c nhim SEAL ca Hi qun Hoa K t kch vo ta nh.[170]
Kt qu thu c t cuc t kch, tin hnh ngy 1 thng 5, 2011, l ci cht ca bin Laden, nhiu giy t b thu gi, cng nhng a vi tnh.[171][172] Thi th ca bin Laden c nhn dng nh xt nghim DNA,[173] ri c thy tng ch vi gi sau .[174]
Vo chiu ti ngy 1 thng 5 ti Washington, D.C., ngay sau khi Tng thng thng bo, nhiu cuc n mng t pht din ra trn khp t nc, v nhng m ng hoan h t hp bn ngoi Ta Bch c, ti khu bnh a v Qung trng Times New York.[171][175] Trong s nhng phn ng tch cc n t hai chnh ng v t nhiu quc gia trn th gii c li chc tng ca cc cu tng thng Bill Clinton v George W. Bush.[176][177]
t nc ny c nhiu ca ci hn bt c quc gia no khc, nhng iu khng lm chng ta giu c. Chng ta c qun i hng cng nht trong lch s, nhng iu khng lm chng ta mnh m. Nn i hc v vn ha ca chng ta khin th gii phi ganh t, nhng iu khng ko th gii n gn vi chng ta. iu khin nc M ni bt l nhng rng buc khin t nc a dng nht ny trn Tri t on kt vi nhau... l iu khin nc M tr nn v i.
Barack Obama, Din vn Chin thng trong k bu c tng thng 2012.[84]
Cha l ngi Kenya, m ngi M gc u, ln ln Honolulu v Jakarta, theo hc ti nhng vin i hc tinh hoa ca nc M (thuc Ivy League), nhng tri nghim ban u ca Obama khc bit ng k vi th h chnh khch ngi M gc Phi khi nghip chnh tr ca mnh trong thp nin 1960 bng cch tham gia cc cuc u tranh ca Phong tro Dn quyn M[178].
By t s kinh ngc v nhng tra vn liu ng c " en" khng, trong mt ln ni chuyn vi Hip hi Nh bo Da en vo thng 8 nm 2007, Obama nhn xt rng vn khng phi l ngoi din hoc thnh tch ca ng v nhng s vic lin quan n c tri da en, nhng l "no trng ca chng ta vn cn b cu thc bi tng cho rng bt c ai tm kim s ng h t nhng ngi anh em da trng u b coi l ang lm mt iu sai tri"[179].
Obama thng c nhc n nh l mt nh hng bin xut sc. T giai on chun b nhm chc v sut nhim k tng thng, mi tun ng u c mt bi ni chuyn c a ln Internet.
Theo Gallup, Obama khi u nhim k vi t l ng h l 68%, ri suy gim u n sut trong nm, cui cng chm y vo thng 8 nm 2010 mc 41%, tng t vi nhng g xy ra vi hai tng thng tin nhim ca ng, Ronald Reagan v Bill Clinton trong nm u tin ca h ti Ta Bch c. T l ny tng ln i cht sau ci cht ca Osama bin Laden, ko di n thng 6, 2011 ri ri tut tr li mc c vo thi im trc khi m cuc hnh qun tiu dit bin Laden.
Tuy nhin, theo cuc kho st ca Harris Interactive vo thng 1, 2009 cho knh truyn hnh France 24 v nht bo International Herald Tribune, Obama c xem l nh lnh o th gii nhiu quyn lc nht cng nh c tn trng nht. Trong mt cuc kho st vo thng 5, 2009 ca Harris, Obama c nh gi l nh lnh o th gii c yu thch nht, v l nhn vkt c k vng nht c th dn dt th gii ra khi cn suy thoi kinh t.
Obama c trao Gii Grammy cho album ni hay nht v phin bn audio ca quyn Dreams from My Father trong thng 2, 2006 v cho quyn The Audacity of Hope trong thng 2, 2008. Bi din vn chp nhn thua cuc trong k bu c s b New Hampshire ca Obama c ph nhc, khi video "Yes We Can" c a ln YouTube lin c 10 triu lt xem ngay trong thng u tin, v c nhn Gii Daytime Emmy. Thng 12, 2008, Obama c tp ch Time chn lm Nhn vt ca Nm do n lc ca ng trong k bu c tng thng m tp ch ny miu t l "cuc hnh trnh vng chi t n nhng thnh qu hu nh l bt kh".
Ngy 9 thng 10, 2009, y ban Nobel Na Uy tuyn b Obama ot Gii Nobel Ha bnh 2009 "do nhng n lc phi thng ca ng nhm cng c nn ngoi giao quc t v s hp tc gia cc dn tc". Ngy 10 thng 12, 2009, Obama n Oslo nhn gii vi thi "ht sc khim tn v lng bit n su sc". Ln trao gii ny gy ra nhng phn ng tri nghch nhau t nhng nh lnh o th gii cng nh gii truyn thng. Obama l ngi th t trong s cc Tng thng Hoa K c trao gii Nobel Ha bnh, v l ngi th ba nhn gii khi ng chc.
C nhng ngi ng h ln ch trch u xem hnh nh ca Obama nh l mt nhn cch trung tnh m bt c ai cng c th lng vo qu kh v kht vng ca mnh. Nhng cu chuyn ca Obama v ngun gc gia nh cng c thm na iu m mt bi vit ng trn tp ch The New Yorker thng 5 nm 2004 miu t l hnh nh chung cho mi ngi. Trong quyn Dreams from My Fathers, ng gn kt lch s gia nh h ngoi vi t tin l ngi M bn a v l h hng xa vi Jefferson Davis, tng thng Lin minh min Nam trong cuc Ni chin M[180].
Cn khi ni chuyn trc mt c ta ngi Do Thi trong cuc ua vo Thng vin Hoa K nm 2004, Obama tm thy s tng ng trong ngun gc ngn ng gia ci tn Barack bt ngun t ng Phi vi tn Baruch, trong ting Hebrew ngha l "ngi c chc phc".
Thng 10 nm 2006, khi xut hin trong chng trnh truyn hnh The Oprah Winfrey Show, Obama ni v tnh a dng trong i gia nh ca mnh: "Michelle s bo cho cc bn bit, khi hp mt vo dp Ging sinh hoc L T n, th y ng l mt Lin Hip Quc thu nh. Ti c nhng ngi h hng trng ging nh Bernie Mac (din vin v danh hi ngi M gc Phi), trong khi nhng ngi khc trng ging nh Margaret Thatcher. y chng ti c tt c"[181]. Obama gp ngi v tng lai ca mnh, Michelle Robinson, nm 1988 khi nhn mt cng vic ma h cho vn phng lut s Sidley & Austin Chicago[182]. L c vn cho Obama ti cng ty, Robinson cng lm vic vi Obama trong cc hot ng x hi theo nhm. n cui h, h bt u hn h, nh hn nm 1991 v kt hn vo thng 10 nm 1992[183]. Con gi u ca hai ngi, Malia Ann, cho i nm 1999[184], k l Natasha ("Sasha") nm 2001[185].
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