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July 27, 2023 For decades, scientists have been trying to solve the mystery of what makes quantum computers more powerful than classical computers. The origins of this quest can be traced all the way to Albert Einstein who famously called quantum mechanical entanglement spooky action at a distance. Now in a groundbreaking paperpublished in thePhysical Review Letters, a team of scientists led by Assistant ProfessorWilliam Feffermanfrom the University of ChicagosDepartment of Computer Sciencehave found a computational problem in which entanglement is directly responsible for a dramatic quantum computational speedup over any efficient classical algorithm.

Fefferman, along with lead Ph.D. studentSoumik Ghosh, IBM researcherAbhinav Deshpande(who Fefferman co-advised at the University of Maryland), University of Maryland postdocDominik Hangleiterand University of Maryland/NIST researcherAlexey Gorshkov, debuted a problem in their paper titled Complexity phase transitions generated by entanglement that pinpoints two things: there is a provable quantum speedup over any classical computer, and entanglement is causing the speedup in this particular problem.

Since the early 90s, we have had theoretical evidence that quantum computers can solve problems that are too difficult for todays classical computers. One specific example that scientists continue to look at isShors algorithm, which says quantum computers can take incredibly large numbers (think ten billion) and quickly break them into their prime factors. The foundations of modern cryptography that we use on the Internet is based on this being a hard problem to solve; so if large scale quantum computers are built, then the basis of cryptography as we know it would be compromised.

However, Shors algorithm is still a theoretical result because large enough and perfect enough quantum computers have not yet been built.

Right now we are in the era of NISQ which stands for noisy intermediate scale quantum computing, said Ghosh. Some companies have designed certain types of quantum computers, but one defining feature is that they are a bit noisy. Todays quantum computers are believed to be just slightly more powerful than our best classical computers, so its becoming more significant to sharpen that boundary between the two.

In the same way that classical computers are made up of bits, quantum computers are made of individual components called qubits. As Ghosh explained, todays qubits are noisy, making them too imperfect to be efficient. A quantum computer would need hundreds of thousands of noiseless qubits to solve the near-impossible problems facing modern computers. While places like UChicago are making strides towardbuilding large scale quantum computersthat can test these theories, we dont currently have devices capable of doing so.

There is still plenty that scientists dont understand about the basic foundations of quantum computing that make it hard to move forward in the field. From a first principle standpoint, certain questions need to be answered: Why is quantum computing so powerful? Why does Shors algorithm work? What quantum properties is it using that causes these speedups? After years of research attempting to better understand these issues, this work gives an example of a quantum system for which entanglement can be identified as the clearcut answer.

Entanglement is a fundamental property of quantum systems, and its a property that we think is very different from anything that happens in the classical world, Fefferman explained. Furthermore, theres always been an intuition that entanglement is one of the root causes of these quantum speedups. Its an important contributor to the power of quantum computers, but it wasnt totally clear that entanglement was the sole cause. Thats what our paper is trying to address.

Entanglement is a complex and largely misunderstood phenomenon that scientists have been trying to understand for the last hundred years. Einstein, for instance, was troubled by entanglement and died trying to give a classical explanation. In essence, if you have two entangled quantum particles that are separated by a distance, no matter how far, what happens to one particle can simultaneously affect the behavior of the other particle. Abstractly, if you have a large number of particles or qubits as the basic unit of quantum information and you want to understand the state of this entire system, the idea of entanglement implies you wont get any real information by looking at just one qubit; you have to look at the interactions between all of the qubits to understand the state of subsets within the system.

The problem the team presented in the paper is not useful in the same sense that Shors algorithm is, but it can be mathematically described and is meaningful to quantum theory. The key point is that entanglement can be seen to be the root cause of the computational speedup.

We can talk about the same computational problem with a little bit of entanglement, and then a little bit more, and so on, said Fefferman. The exciting part is that when this entanglement reaches a certain threshold, we go from an easy problem for a classical computer to a provably hard problem. Entanglement seems to be causing the increased difficulty and quantum speedup. Weve never been able to show that in a problem like Shors algorithm.

This research is part of the first steps in the broader context of pinpointing quantum speedups.

The next step is trying to generalize this toy model to more practical systems of quantum computation, said Ghosh. We want to be able to understand what is causing speedups for the types of quantum computers that people are designing in real life and the type of processes that will be run using those computers.

Source: UChicago

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UChicago Scientists Make New Discovery Proving Entanglement Is Responsible for Computational Hardness In ... - HPCwire

Quantum computing stocks are becoming the next big thing for forward-thinking investors, pushing the boundaries and reshaping them with the enigmatic power of quantum mechanics. Unlike traditional computers that use bits, quantum computers use qubits that can solve complex problems faster and more efficiently. In other words, these computers could revolutionize many industries. And were just at the beginning of this technological advancement. In this article, well uncover the best quantum computing stocks to buy, highlighting highlight three hidden gems making incredible progress in this groundbreaking field.

Each of these companies offers a unique and valuable proposition, showcasing innovative approaches to the challenges and possibilities of quantum computing.

So, here are the best quantum computing stocks to add to your portfolio.

Source: Amin Van / Shutterstock.com

IonQ(NYSE:IONQ) is one of the best quantum computing stocks for investors. The companys technology allows its computers to perform longer, more complex calculations with fewer errors than any quantum computer yet built. That makes IonQ a speculative investment with significant growth potential.

Theres a good reason to feel bullish on IONQ. The company recentlyentered into a significant partnership with QuantumBasel, Switzerlands first quantum hub. The collaboration aims to establish a European quantum data center and includes the installation of two advanced IonQ quantum computers at QuantumBasel. The partnership is reportedly backed with over $500 million in private funding. That may help put IonQ on the map and give it a leg up over competitors.

For momentum investors, theres good reason to consider this stock too. Its up 418% year to date. Its EPS is also forecasted to grow 20% over the next five years.

Source: Shutterstock

Analog Devices (NASDAQ:ADI) is a leading semiconductor company whose processing chips are vital to todays digital economy. As quantum computing grows, related suppliers like semiconductors are expected to become increasingly important.

As a mid-cap ($99.49 billion) stock, Analog Devices offers great growth potential. The brand beat revenue and earnings estimates last quarter. Sales grew 10% year-over-year, while earnings surged 18%. Sales were $3.26 billion, and adjusted earnings were $2.83 per share.

Wall Street gave ADI stock a $207.83 price target. I think this target is feasible. The market has resumed its risk appetite for tech stocks, and speculative plays like ADI stock have come back into fashion. Its share also trades just below its 52-week high, and judging by its momentum indicators, it will breach this resistance zone shortly.

Rigetti Computing(NASDAQ:RGTI) is a full-stack quantum computing company that designs quantum chips, integrates those chips with a controlling architecture and develops software. This quantum computing stock should definitely be on your radar.

Rigettis competitive advantage lies in its focus on hybrid quantum-classical computing systems. In short, it wants to give consumers the best of both worlds. It aims to accomplish this through the release of its Ankaa-1 84-qubit system. Once it has built significant traction with its release, it will attempt to capture a quantum advantage over its competitors.

The company also recently entered into a collaboration agreement with ADIA Lab, an independent research institute based in Abu Dhabi specializing in data and computational sciences. The partnership aims to design, build, execute and optimize a quantum computing solution.

On the date of publication, Matthew Farley did not hold (either directly or indirectly) any positions in the securities mentioned in this article. The opinions expressed are those of the writer, subject to the InvestorPlace.com Publishing Guidelines.

Matthew started writing coverage of the financial markets during the crypto boom of 2017 and was also a team member of several fintech startups. He then started writing about Australian and U.S. equities for various publications. His work has appeared in MarketBeat, FXStreet, Cryptoslate, Seeking Alpha, and the New Scientist magazine, among others.

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If You Can Only Buy One Quantum Computing Stock, It Better Be One of These 3 Names - InvestorPlace

Quantum Computing is a cutting-edge field that combines computer science and physics to develop advanced computing systems. Instead of relying on classical bits, quantum computers use qubits, which can exist in multiple states simultaneously due to superposition and entanglement. This unique property allows quantum computers to solve complex problems efficiently, something that classical computers struggle with.

At the core of quantum computing lies the principles of quantum mechanics, a branch of physics that governs atomic and subatomic behavior. While classical computers use bits to represent either a 0 or a 1, quantum computers use qubits that can represent both 0 and 1 simultaneously. This superposition exponentially increases the computational power of quantum systems.

Superposition is a fundamental element of quantum computing, enabling qubits to be in multiple states at once and perform multiple calculations simultaneously. This ability allows quantum algorithms to tackle complex problems with incredible speed, offering the potential for breakthroughs in fields like cryptography, drug discovery, optimization, and artificial intelligence.

Entanglement is another key principle in quantum computing. When qubits become interconnected, the state of one qubit directly influences the other, regardless of their physical distance. This property provides quantum computers with an advantage in terms of data processing and communication, promising enhanced efficiency and security.

Although significant progress has been made in the field of quantum computing, there are challenges to overcome. Maintaining the stability of qubits and preventing decoherence (loss of quantum information) are major hurdles that researchers are diligently working on.

Quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize cryptography by breaking classical encryption methods through algorithms like Shors algorithm. However, it also offers opportunities to enhance data security through quantum key distribution (QKD), which creates unbreakable encryption keys using entanglement.

The impact of quantum computing extends beyond cryptography. It can accelerate scientific breakthroughs, such as drug discovery through quantum simulations of molecular behavior. Additionally, it has the potential to revolutionize optimization problems in logistics, finance, and supply chain management. In the field of artificial intelligence, quantum computing may enhance machine learning algorithms and pattern recognition capabilities.

However, building practical quantum computers comes with technical challenges. Maintaining qubit stability and achieving scalability are ongoing research areas. Efficient quantum algorithms are also essential to maximize the computational advantage of quantum computers.

Despite these challenges, significant milestones have been achieved in the quantum computing landscape. In 2019, Googles quantum processor, Sycamore, reached the milestone of quantum supremacy, outperforming the most advanced classical computers.

Interest in quantum computing has grown, with governments, academia, and the private sector investing in research and development. As the field continues to evolve, quantum computing is expected to redefine the possibilities of computation and address complex challenges such as climate modeling, drug discovery, and optimization. Collaboration among researchers, engineers, and policymakers is crucial to harnessing the true power of quantum computing.

Overall, quantum computing showcases human ingenuity and curiosity, pushing the boundaries of computation and reshaping the future of technology.

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Quantum Computing: Exploring the Boundaries of Computation - Fagen wasanni

IBM's quantum computer, London. Image: Tim Sandle

Experiments in quantum computing are continuing to advance and with it a new generation of powerful computers will emerge. This is a field thats already drawing billions of dollars in support from tech investors and industry heavyweights including IBM, Google and Microsoft.

The basis of quantum computing is the qubit. Through superpositioning, a qubit can represent a 0, a 1, or any proportion between. This vastly increases a quantum computers processing speed compared to todays computers.

A new computing research breakthrough that has recently been reported could be significant for the evolution of the quantum computing future. This rests on an important characteristic of a new superconductor material.

University College Cork scientists have used one of the worlds most powerful quantum microscopes in order to make a discovery that could have significant consequences for the future of computing.

This is the discovery of a spatially modulating superconducting state in a new and unusual superconductor called Uranium Ditelluride (UTe2). Superconductors have many unusual properties, including allowing electricity to flow with zero resistance. Thes means when a current is passed through them they do not begin to heat up. This occurs because instead of individual electrons moving through the metal there are pairs of electrons which bind together in the form macroscopic quantum mechanical fluid.

UTe2 appears to be a new type of superconductor and this new superconductor may provide a solution to one of quantum computings greatest challenges.

Lead author Joe Carroll outlines the challenge in a research brief: The problem facing existing quantum computers is that each qubit must be in a superposition with two different energies just as Schrdingers cat could be called both dead and alive. This quantum state is very easily destroyed by collapsing into the lowest energy state dead thereby cutting off any useful computation.

What UTe2 may offer is a superconductor that could be used as the basis for topological quantum computing. Here there would be no limit on the lifetime of the qubit during computation. This could opening up many new ways for more stable and useful quantum computers.

The discovery is described in the journal Nature, in a paper titled Detection of a pair density wave state in UTe2.

In a different breakthrough, scientists have announced an advancement in developing fault-tolerant qubits for quantum computing. This relates to experiments undertaken with flakes of semiconductor materials only a single layer of atoms thick).

With these studies, University of Washington researchers detected signatures of fractional quantum anomalous Hall (FQAH) states. This could pave the way towards constructing a fault-tolerant qubit. This is possible because FQAH states can host anyons strange quasiparticles that have only a fraction of an electrons charge.

Some types of anyons can be used to make what are called topologically protected qubits, which are stable against any small, local disturbances. This could lead to a major advancement over the capabilities of current quantum computers.

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Two new breakthroughs in quantum computing overcome ... - Digital Journal

Scaling has long been recognized as a major hurdle for quantum processors, along with a need for advances in quantum error correction and the control of quantum gates.

However, while rapid progress has been made in the latter two, far less progress has been made in the development of a CMOS-based scalable system, where the devices and qubits are sufficiently identical that the number of external control signals increases slowly with the number of qubits.

Therefore the development, and taping-out, of a CMOS-based scaling architecture has taken on new significance, as scaling has become the most critical remaining task for building a commercially viable quantum computer.

At EeroQ, we have made a key advance towards this goal, achieving tape-out, at a major US semiconductor foundry, of a 2,432 future qubit system with only ~30 control lines, which were calling Wonder Lake. This scaling architecture has passed the rigorous design checks required for compatibility with todays standard chip manufacturing process (CMOS).

The architecture of a quantum processor requires multiple layers, all of which work in concert. In this post, we will go into some of the details about the layers of our newly taped-out chip. This chip will form the infrastructure needed for future devices that can hold the single electrons, which we are working to develop as a leading qubit platform.

With our announcement today, we offer a credible path to allow our systems, which are based on the isolated electron spins trapped above the surface of liquid helium (eHe), to scale from single qubits to 10,000 and beyond by starting from scale, and building a quantum computer in reverse.

Rather than starting with one- and two-qubit gates and hoping to scale with brute force, weve started with a CMOS-based scaling architecture that can support quantum gates of various types. In this system each electron spin can be thought of as a tiny magnet and our initial quantum devices will use the interaction between these electron magnets to produce the two-qubit gates (more on this below).

This strategy puts EeroQs approach to quantum computing in a position to become a leapfrog technology. To-date, there have been many demonstrations of high-quality qubits, even more than 100 in single processors, but there has yet to be a practical and achievable way to scale to several thousand, or more, on a single chip.

EeroQs approach to quantum computing is different from any other company. At the heart of any quantum processor is a qubit, and EeroQs is the spin of the electron. In a 1999 paper in Science a collaboration between researchers at Bell Labs and Michigan State University proposed that an electron floating above the surface of liquid helium would make an exceptional quantum computer using the vertical motion of the electron above the helium surface, so-called Rydberg states of the electron motion. Shortly thereafter, in 2006, EeroQ CTO Stephen Lyon, proposed in Physical Review A that the spin state of the electron offers many of the advantages of Rydberg states, but with the added benefit of vastly enhanced quantum coherence in excess of 10 seconds.

Based on these initial ideas, and subsequent technological breakthroughs, at EeroQ we will ultimately fabricate the majority of our future processors on single chips manufactured in a commercial CMOS foundry. Once the wafers arrive from the foundry, well add a thin layer of liquid helium, deposit electrons into on-chip reservoirs, initialize their spin states, and begin a computation.

The electron qubit will rest about 10 nanometers above the helium surface, where it is trapped above electrodes located beneath the helium by control voltages.

At EeroQ we are building next generation quantum devices by combining the tiny size of electrons and superfluid helium which is the cleanest environment in nature with CMOS infrastructure and the lack of any need for modular interconnects. These efforts along with an efficient fabless production model put us in position to lead the industry.

After six years of stealth work, we now have an architecture to scale this system.

The next step is demonstration of a two-qubit gate based on the extremely well-understood physics of the magnetic dipole-dipole interaction, which can be drag and dropped onto the foundry chip.

Our first two-qubit gates will be produced by the 2 small magnetic spins of the electrons. Each electron has a magnetic field, and that field is one of the most accurately known quantities in physics; the magnitude being known to at least 12 digits of precision.

In this scheme the main source of imprecision in the entangling gate comes from the positioning of the 2 electrons, which will be controlled by engineering the microstructures on the CMOS chip that hold the electrons. The precision of the CMOS process will reduce fabrication related quantum gate errors to about 0.01%. We will then add our quantum gates to pre-designated locations on the chip, as shown below.

The work we have accomplished at EeroQ is a significant step on the road to building a commercially viable quantum computer and has allowed us to pursue our next near-term goals.

10+ second qubit coherence High qubit connectivity Identical qubits, controllable in parallel with only a few voltages on a CMOS chip Mobile qubits on the helium surface (providing up to a 50x reduction in overhead needed for error correction) 99.9% gate fidelities A system without modular interconnects so that all the quantum computing power youll need will be in a device the size of your thumbnail!

There are two particularly challenging parts to making a useful quantum computer: high-quality quantum gates, and a path to scale.

With our latest work, we are proud to join the leadership ranks on scalability. Together with recent advances in error mitigation and more efficient algorithms, we can see the commercial quantum future coming together sooner than expected led by the ability to leverage our architectural advantage to scale rapidly.

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Building a quantum computer in reverse | by EeroQ Corporation | Jul ... - Medium