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The spark about quantum computing is considered to have set out from a three-day discussion at the MIT Conference Center out of Boston, in 1981. The meeting, The Physics of Computation, was collaboratively sponsored by IBM and MITs Laboratory of computer science. The discussion aimed to formulate new processes for efficient ways of computing and bring the area of study into the mainstream. Quantum computing was not a popularly discussed field of science till then. The historic conference was presided over by many talented brains including Richard Feynman, Paul Benioff, Edward Fredkin, Leonid Levin, Freeman Dyson, and Arthur Burks, who were computer scientists and physicists.

Richard Feynman was a renowned theoretical physicist who received a Nobel Prize in Physics, in 1965 with other two physicists, for his contributions towards the development of quantum electrodynamics. The conference was a seminal moment in the development of quantum computing and Richard Feynman announced that to simulate quantum computation, there is a need for quantum computers. Later, he went on to publish a paper in 1982, titled Simulating Physics with Computers.The area of study soon got attention from computer scientists and physicists. Hence, the work on quantum computing began.

Before this, in 1980, Paul Benioff had described a first quantum mechanical model of a computer in one of his papers, which had already acted as a foundation for the study. After Feynmans statement in the conference, Paul Benioff went on to develop his model of quantum mechanical Turing machine.

However, almost a decade later, came Shors algorithm, developed by Peter Shor, which is considered a milestone in the history of quantum computing. This algorithm allowed quantum computers to factor large integers at a higher speed and could also break numerous cryptosystems. The discovery garnered a lot of interest in the study of quantum computing as it replaced the years taken by the classic, traditional computing algorithms to perform factoring by just some hours. Later, in 1996, Lov Grover invented the quantum database search algorithm, which exhibited a quadratic speedup that could solve any problem that had to be solved by random brute-force search and could also be applied to a wider base of problems.

The year 1998 witnessed the first experimental demonstration of a quantum algorithm that worked on a 2-qubit NMR quantum computer. Later in the year, a working 3-qubit NMR computer was developed and Grovers algorithm got executed for the first time in an NMR quantum computer. Several experimental progress took place between 1999 and 2009.

In 2009, the first universal programmable quantum computer was unveiled by a team at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Colorado. The computer was capable of processing 2 quantum bits.

After almost a decade, IBM unveiled the first commercially usable integrated quantum computing system, and later in the year, IBM added 4 more quantum computing systems, along with a newly developed 53-qubit quantum computer. Google also gave a huge contribution to the field in late 2019, when a paper published by the Google research team claimed to have reached quantum supremacy. The 54-qubit Sycamore processor, made of tiny qubits and superconducting materials is claimed to have sampled a computation in just 200 seconds. Last year, IonQ launched its trapped ion quantum computers and made them commercially available through the cloud. There have been several experiments and research that are being carried on today. Each day becomes a new step for quantum computing technology since its proclamation back in the 80s.

According to a report by Fast Company, IBM plans to complete the 127-qubit IBM Quantum Eagle this year and expects to develop a 1000-qubit computing machine called the IBM Quantum Condor by 2023. IBM has been keeping up in the path of developing the best quantum computing solutions since it hosted the conference in 1981. Charlie Bennet, a renowned physicist who was part of the conference as IBMs research contingent, has a huge contribution to these innovations put forward by the company.

The emerging era of quantum computing will invite many breakthroughs. The quantum computing revolution will increase processing efficiency and solve intrinsic quantum problems. Quantum computer works with quantum bits or qubits that can be in the superposition of states that will cater to massive calculations at an extremely faster pace.

Quantum computing will have a greater impact on almost all industries and business operations. It is capable of molecular modeling, cryptography, weather forecasting, drug discovery, and more. Quantum computing is also said to be a significant component of artificial intelligence, which is fuelling several businesses and real-life functions today. We might soon reach the state of quantum supremacy and businesses need to become quantum-ready by then.

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Quantum Computing: The Chronicle of its Origin and Beyond - Analytics Insight

At the first-ever virtual Google I/O, Alphabet Chief Executive Officer Sundar Pichai talked about news on Workspace, quantum computing and privacy needs.

Google announced new video collaboration features as part of Smart Canvas, a new set of capabilities that is part of Workspace.

The keynote for Google I/O was live streamed from Google's headquarters in Mountain View, California on Tuesday, and Google executives touched on everything from new collaboration features in Workspace, to quantum computing, to improved privacy controls. The speakers were on round stages in the outdoor spaces at Google's headquarters, and the audience sat in socially distanced chairs grouped around the stage in the surrounding green space. The video introduction at the event showed a montage of crowds of people at past events, including a cameo of a young Sundar Pichai, CEO of Alphabet, which is Google's parent company.

Pichai kicked off the keynote with an announcement about the new collaboration tool for Workspace: Smart Canvas.

Javier Soltero, general manager and vice president of Google Workspace, announced the Workspace news at the event. Soltero said the changes will transform a Google doc from a digital piece of paper to a collaboration platform that is always up to date and has built-in tools for keeping distributed teams connected.

SEE:Android 12: A cheat sheet(TechRepublic)

Pichai also discussed Google's work with quantum computing, describing the technology as the best chance to understand the natural world. He said that the company's current focus is to build an error-corrected qubit.

Actor Michael Pena toured Google's quantum campus with Google's lead quantum engineer Eric Lucero. Lucero showed off the "qubit fridge" and other parts of the lab which included a painting that he described as an homage to mother nature because quantum is the language of nature. Pena's job was to explain quantum computing to the average viewer, describing qubits as smart but picky about work environments and Google's research as wrapping qubits in a Bob Ross blanket of love and keeping them there until they can teach us to think like the Earth.

Lucero said now that the company has moved beyond classical computing and described the next milestone as building an error-corrected logical qubit and then building an error-corrected quantum computer.

In addition to highlighting the company's lofty research goals, executives also talked about work that affects the daily lives of users as well: changes to privacy controls. Jen Fitzpatrick, senior vice president for Google Maps, said the company is working toward a password-free future by improving phone-based authentication.

"We want to free everyone from password pain," she said.

Fitzpatrick said Google has made these improvements to the company's password manager:

Fitzgerald also announced other privacy changes:

Sameer Samat, vice president of product management for Google, said the Android 12 updates represent the biggest design change in Android for years. He said the three big themes for the update are:

He showed off one example of the phone customizing itself to the user when he selected a personal photo for the home screen. The system created a custom palette for the home screen based on the photo.

"We use a clustering algorithm to determine which colors are dominant and which are compliments," he said.

The update also includes new uses of light that differ depending on the action a user takes such as unlocking the phone via the touch screen or a button.

The update includes privacy changes as well. Suzanne Frey, the company's vice president of engineering and product, said that a new privacy dashboard makes it easier to understand which apps are using what data. The OS update also makes it easier to revoke an app's permission directly from the dashboard. Two new toggles allow users to turn off microphone and camera access from the dashboard as well.

Frey said that Google is the first phone maker to enable technically enforced privacy with its open source Private Compute Core.

Pichai closed the keynote with two new pieces of technology. The first was Project Starline, which uses custom built hardware and high resolution cameras to capture a person's shape from multiple angles. Pichai said that the real-time 3D model generates many gigabytes of data per second and required the company to build novel compression and streaming algorithms to reduce the data by a factor of 100 so the video could be sent through existing networks.

He also announced that the company is working on a carbon intelligence load shifting capability that will let data center operators to shift power sources across time and place. This allows operators to take advantage of currently available sources of green energy.

He said that the company is installing Dragon solar panels and a geothermal pile system at the Mountain View headquarters to create an on-demand supply of solar energy.

Google I/O began on Tuesday, and it is a three-day event that will run through May 20. It includes a series of workshops, meetups and keynotes.It's free to attend for anyone who wants to register. All that's needed is a gmail account.

From the hottest programming languages to the jobs with the highest salaries, get the developer news and tips you need to know. Weekly

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Google I/O 2021: Everything Google is announcing at this year's virtual keynote right now - TechRepublic

Famous mock musician David St. Hubbins once said, Theres a fine line between stupid and clever. On one side of the line is an endless celebration of genius. On the other: failure and ignominy.

The tech industry has no choice but to embrace innovation and risk taking. As such, some innovations start out looking crazy but end up being brilliant. Others start out looking just as crazy and implode under the weight of their own insanity.

In that light, here are seven next-horizon ideas that ride that fine line between amazing and amazingly stupid. The developers of these innovations might prove to be crackpots or they could turn out be insanely great. The technology could end up being a blackhole for venture cash or a savvy play for business value emerging along the fringe. It all depends on your perspective.

Of all the out-there technologies, nothing gets more press than quantum computers and nothing is spookier. The work is done by a mixture of physicists and computer scientists fiddling with strange devices at super-cold temperatures. If it requires liquid nitrogen and lab coats, well, its got to be innovation.

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6 'crackpot' technologies that might transform IT - CIO

() recently changed its name from Clear Leisure, which was more than a cosmetic alteration. Our investment programme is focused on selecting the most innovative and out-of-the-box start-ups in the blockchain and cryptocurrencies sector, with whom we will work alongside to develop exciting synergies, it said.

Below is an abridged transcript from a recent conversation with chairman Francesco Gardin, which provides a flavour of what is planned. After that is a brief explainer on quantum computing.

Let's focus on quantum [computing] first. There are few things that changed the course of mankind. Recently we witnessed the digital revolution; in the early 60s, computers were basically invented thanks to the transistor. And we are now very close to a similar revolution. [Quantum computers] could do something which are orders of magnitude superior to our digital computers. So, when you have this unlimited amount of computing power, you have no more boundaries to what you can do.

We are building a new team. If you want to use an analogy, then Formula 1 is a good one. We are trying to build the number-one car. So, we need a workshop, excellent engineers, and excellent drivers. And that is exactly what we're doing. We're setting up a workshop. Of course, it will not be a physical one, but a very well-protected data centre. We are setting up a team of experts; former students from the UCL in London and physicists from Milan University. So, we are putting together an excellent team of experts to work on our R&D. We are already working in the direction of using quantum computers and deep learning to explore mega terabytes of data related to, for example, cryptocurrencies and designing new ASIC chips. So, I mean the amount of R&D that we're going to pour into this company is massive.

Our strategy is one where we will deliver intermediate results that are very attractive not only for our own use but might also be useful for other companies too. So, some of our research will be medium- and long-term. Other parts of our research will be short-term that can be exploited with the right partner.

The mechanical and electrical interaction of a traditional computer can be distilled down to an on-off switch; or the ones and zeros that make up the binary code that powers the digisphere. These are called bits. Quantum computers use quantum bits or qubits and tap into the unique ability of subatomic participles to exist in more than one state at the same time. Insert exploding head emoji here. Long story short, using superposition (the aforementioned ability to exist in multiple states) and a process called entanglement (really, dont ask theres a link here), quantum computers can handle exponentially more data than the current supercomputers.

Quantum computers are exceedingly difficult to engineer, build and programme, an article in the Scientific American says.

As a result, they are crippled by errors in the form of noise, faults and loss of quantum coherence, which is crucial to their operation and yet falls apart before any nontrivial program has a chance to run to completion.

Its the point at which the quantum computer outperforms a traditional supercomputer.

Google in 2019 claimed it had passed the supremacy milestone one identified as early as the 1980s. This is a wonderful achievement. The engineering here is just phenomenal, Peter Knight, a physicist at Imperial College London to the NewScientist magazine. It shows that quantum computing is really hard but not impossible. It is a stepping-stone toward a big dream.

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Quantum Blockchain Technologies could help transform the digital economy as we know it - Proactive Investors UK

It seems in ancient Greece there was a man named Gordias, who devised a rope knot so large and complicated no one could untangle it.The claim was that the person who could undo the Gordian knot would become master of Asia.Then Alexander the Great showed up and with one swift sure stroke of his sword, cut the knotand subsequently, true to prophecy, made himself master of Asia.

Likewise, quantum computers are poised to cut the knot that has tied up supply chain management for centuries, and has made responding to the need to surge manufacturing or production of any commodity, highly problematicthat is, until now.

Where to get the supplies and components you need, and how, to make a product or provide a service can be challenging enough.When you also try to forecast how much youll need in future, it can become overwhelming.Just ask a lithium-ion battery maker trying to get the minerals he needs from the other end of the world; or an auto manufacturer facing todays microchip shortage.Ask any defense contractor who depends on a single supplier of a key component, what he or she will do if that supplier goes out of business.When the usual routes youve sweated to create for getting and keeping your crucial supply chains suddenly break down, the scramble to find replacements and alternatives can be all-consuming, while everything waitsand your companys fate hangs in the balance.

In some cases, its the fate of the nation.Supply-chain issues nearly ground Americas mobilization in World War Two to a halt in its early stages; untangling the COVID vaccines supply chain were among the biggest headaches faced by Operation Warp Speed.

A worker pulls a pallet of boxes containing doses of the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine at a warehouse in ... [+] Santiago, Chile, Wednesday, March 3, 2021. The Chilean Health Ministry received on Wednesday its largest shipment to date of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. (AP Photo/Esteban Felix)

How can quantum computers help?Quantum computers are exceptionally good at solving optimization problems.These are problems where you are looking for the best of many possible combinations of variables, such as whats the most efficient route I need to deliver a stack of packages to multiple cities; or whats the quickest, cheapest way to get the components I need to manufacture my product, including the best possible alternative sources if my main suppliers run out.These are also puzzles that classical computers, even super computers, cant figure out.

But quantum computers will. Thanks to the unique properties of the quantum bits or qubits that are linked up or entangled for processing dataincluding being in two different physical states at oncethese machines will be able to solve the supply chain or logistical problems that stump a classical computer.

Fortunately, however, we dont have to wait until large-scale quantum computers are available.So-called quantum annealers like the one Canada-based D-Wave Systems, Inc. uses, are able to calculate the lowest energy level between the qubits different states of entanglement, which equals the optimal solution.D-Wave has used this method successfully to address traffic flow problems for Volkswagen in both Beijing and Lisbon.

The Japanese company Fujitsu has even developed a digital annealer that mimics the processing of a quantum annealerso much so that it can tackle the knotty supply chain problems that used to elude managers. The company thats proving it is American-based Entanglement, Inc., which has teamed with Fujitsu to use the annealer to tackle supply inventory problems for the U.S. Army.

Recently the Entanglement-led team moved on to Arizona to tackle an even more urgent problem: how to manage COVID vaccination operations at the state level, including handling widely dispersed inventories of the vaccine.Theyve been able to use the digital annealer to dispel some of the fog of crisis management by helping with decisions about where vaccines are needed most, how to distribute vaccines most equitably, and how vaccine distribution operations can be optimized.The flexibility built into the annealer model means Entanglement could take on these challenges on a national, even global, level.

Supply chain management, and the allocation of strategic commodities like steel and copper, almost derailed the biggest and most important manufacturing surge in American history, the mobilization for World War Two. Its amazing to think what would have happened if executives had had a quantum computer, or annealer, at their disposal, and how the breakthroughs that resulted would have shortened the war.

Thanks to annealing, what would have been a miracle then, is reality now.And what happens when full-scale quantum computers are turned loose on our toughest optimization problems?Cutting the Gordian knot made Alexander the master of Asia.Could cutting the supply chain management knot once and for all make American industry the master of the global economy?

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Quantum Technology: Cutting The Supply Chain Knot - Forbes