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It's the use of quantum mechanics to run calculations on specialized hardware.

To fully define quantum computing, we need to define some key terms first.

The quantum in "quantum computing" refers to the quantum mechanics that the system uses to calculate outputs. In physics, a quantum is the smallest possible discrete unit of any physical property. It usually refers to properties of atomic or subatomic particles, such as electrons, neutrinos, and photons.

A qubit is the basic unit of information in quantum computing. Qubits play a similar role in quantum computing as bits play in classical computing, but they behave very differently. Classical bits are binary and can hold only a position of 0 or 1, but qubits can hold a superposition of all possible states.

Quantum computers harness the unique behavior of quantum physicssuch as superposition, entanglement, and quantum interferenceand apply it to computing. This introduces new concepts to traditional programming methods.

In superposition, quantum particles are a combination of all possible states. They fluctuate until they're observed and measured. One way to picture the difference between binary position and superposition is to imagine a coin. Classical bits are measured by "flipping the coin" and getting heads or tails. However, if you were able to look at a coin and see both heads and tails at the same time, as well as every state in between, the coin would be in superposition.

Entanglement is the ability of quantum particles to correlate their measurement results with each other. When qubits are entangled, they form a single system and influence each other. We can use the measurements from one qubit to draw conclusions about the others. By adding and entangling more qubits in a system, quantum computers can calculate exponentially more information and solve more complicated problems.

Quantum interference is the intrinsic behavior of a qubit, due to superposition, to influence the probability of it collapsing one way or another. Quantum computers are designed and built to reduce interference as much as possible and ensure the most accurate results. To this end, Microsoft uses topological qubits, which are stabilized by manipulating their structure and surrounding them with chemical compounds that protect them from outside interference.

A quantum computer has three primary parts:

For some methods of qubit storage, the unit that houses the qubits is kept at a temperature just above absolute zero to maximize their coherence and reduce interference. Other types of qubit housing use a vacuum chamber to help minimize vibrations and stabilize the qubits.

Signals can be sent to the qubits using a variety of methods, including microwaves, laser, and voltage.

Quantum computer uses and application areas

A quantum computer can't do everything faster than a classical computer, but there are a few areas where quantum computers have the potential to make a big impact.

Quantum computers work exceptionally well for modeling other quantum systems because they use quantum phenomena in their computation. This means that they can handle the complexity and ambiguity of systems that would overload classical computers. Examples of quantum systems that we can model include photosynthesis, superconductivity, and complex molecular formations.

Classical cryptographysuch as the RivestShamirAdleman (RSA) algorithm thats widely used to secure data transmissionrelies on the intractability of problems such as integer factorization or discrete logarithms. Many of these problems can be solved more efficiently using quantum computers.

Optimization is the process of finding the best solution to a problem given its desired outcome and constraints. In science and industry, critical decisions are made based on factors such as cost, quality, and production timeall of which can be optimized. By running quantum-inspired optimization algorithms on classical computers, we can find solutions that were previously impossible. This helps us find better ways to manage complex systems such as traffic flows, airplane gate assignments, package deliveries, and energy storage.

Machine learning on classical computers is revolutionizing the world of science and business. However, training machine learning models comes with a high computational cost, and that has hindered the scope and development of the field. To speed up progress in this area, we're exploring ways to devise and implement quantum software that enables faster machine learning.

A quantum algorithm developed in 1996 dramatically sped up the solution to unstructured data searches, running the search in fewer steps than any classical algorithm could.

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GUANGZHOU, China China is looking to boost research into what it calls "frontier technology" including quantum computing and semiconductors, as it competes with the U.S. for supremacy in the latest innovations.

In its five-year development plan, the 14th of its kind, Beijing said it would make "science and technology self-reliance and self-improvement a strategic pillar for national development," according to a CNBC translation.

Premier Li Keqiang said on Friday that China would increase research and development spending by more than 7% per year between 2021 and 2025, in pursuit of "major breakthroughs" in technology.

China's technology champions such as Huawei and SMIC have been targeted by U.S. sanctions as tensions between Beijing and Washington have ramped up in the past few years.

As such, China has concentrated on boosting its domestic expertise in areas it sees as strategically important, such as semiconductors. And now it has laid out seven "frontier technologies" that it will prioritize not just for the next five years, but beyond too.

China plans to focus on specialized chip development for AI applications and developing so-called open source algorithms. Open source technology is usually developed by one entity and licensed by other companies.

There will also be an emphasis on machine learning in areas such as decision making. Machine learning is the development of AI programs trained on vast amounts of data. The program "learns" as it is fed more data.

AI has been a key field for Chinese companies and the central government over the last few years. Major companies such as Alibaba and Baidu have been investing in the technology.

China and the U.S. are competing for AI dominance. A group of experts chaired by former Google CEO Eric Schmidt said China could soon replace the U.S. as the world's "AI superpower."

Semiconductors are a critical area for China and one it has invested a lot in over the past few years but the country has struggled to catch up to the U.S., Taiwan and South Korea.

The problem is the complexity of the semiconductor supply chain. Taiwan's TSMC and South Korea's Samsung are the two most advanced chip manufacturers but they rely on tools from the U.S. and Europe.

Washington has put SMIC, China's biggest chip manufacturer, on an export blacklist called the Entity List. SMIC cannot get its hands on American technology. And the U.S. has reportedly pushed to stop Dutch company ASML from shipping a key tool that could help SMIC catch up to rivals.

Since China doesn't have the companies that can design and make the tools that its chip manufacturers require, it relies on companies from other countries. This is something China wants to change.

In its five-year plan, China says it will focus on research and development in integrated circuit design tools, key equipment and key materials.

Chips are incredibly important because they go into many of the devices we use such as smartphones but are also important for other industries.

China plans to research areas such as how to stop diseases of the brain.

But it also says that it plans to look into "brain-inspired computing" as well as "brain-computer fusion technology," according to a CNBC translation. The five-year plan did not elaborate on what that could look like.

China laid out seven "frontier" technologies in its 14th Five Year Plan. These are areas that China will focus research on and include semiconductors and brain-computer fusion.

Yuichiro Chino | Moment | Getty Images

However, such work is already underway in the U.S. at Elon Musk's company Neuralink. Musk is working on implantable brain-chip interfaces to connect humans and computers.

With the outbreak of the coronavirus last year, biotechnology has grown in importance.

China says it will focus on "innovative vaccines" and "research on biological security."

China's research will concentrate on understanding the progression of cancer, cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic diseases.

The government also says that it will research some "cutting-edge" treatment technologies such as regenerative medicine. This involves medicine that can regrow or repair damaged cells, tissues and organs.

China says it will also be looking at key technologies in the prevention and treatment of major transmissible diseases.

Space exploration has been a top priority for China recently. Beijing said it will focus on research into the "origin and evolution of the universe," exploration of Mars as well as deep sea and polar research.

In December, a Chinese spacecraft returned to Earth carrying rocks from the moon. It was the first time China has launched a spacecraft from an extraterrestrial body and the first time it has collected moon samples.

And in July, China launched a mission to Mars called Tianwen -1.

CNBC's Iris Wang contributed to this report.

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In battle with U.S., China to focus on 7 'frontier' technologies from chips to brain-computer fusion - CNBC

Quantum Computing & Technologies Market is Expected to Grow with a CAGR of 32.5 % over the Forecast Period.

Increased demand for handling & analyzing the data for making business decisions more effective and rising incidences of cybercrime are some of the major factors driving the growth of the Global Quantum Computing & Technologies Market.

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Quantum computing is a section of computing area which focuses on development of computer technology based on the concept of quantum mechanics. The quantum computing is used to know the behavior of energy and material on the atomic and subatomic levels. Quantum computing stores the data in the form of quantum bits or qubits. According to Institute of Quantum Computing at the University of Waterloo, the quantum computing field started in 1980. After discovering the quantum computer the problem which was unable to solve by classical computer can easily solve the problem with minimum time by using quantum computer. The quantum computer is used in the field of drug design, defense, artificial intelligence, in nuclear fusion, big data search, and military affairs and in many more fields. The Google announces that the quantum computer have achieved quantum supremacy on 23 October 2020 which means quantum computer can solve any problem quickly as compared to classical computer. The quantum computer is much faster than super computer. in 1998 Issac Chuang of the Los Alamos National Laboratory have invented first quantum computer which was loaded with data and output solution.

The global quantum computing market is segmented on the basis of components, application, end user and region covered. Based on components the global quantum computing is segmented as hardware, services and software. On the basis of application global quantum computing is classified as optimizing, automation, data analytics. Based on end user the global quantum computing is classified as healthcare and pharmaceuticals, energy and power, defense and others

Quantum computing & technologies consists of subatomic particles such as electrons, photons that exist in more than one state at any time. Unlike traditional computers, the quantum computer comprises series of bits with additional quantum analog qubits. Qubits are physically distinguishable two states quantum mechanical systems like electron and photon in the two dimensions which are responsible for the entanglement and super positioning movement. With the help of qubit, it becomes easy to identify, interpret and analyze the data stored in the warehouse system. Quantum computers can be operated at freezing temperatures near absolute zero which is most suitable to execute its functioning. Quantum computation is the scientific method of finding the most perfect and accurate solutions for problems that cannot be solved by traditional computers. Quantum computational technique is capable of solving polynomials, factorization, and exponential problems with the help of machine learning, Big Data, Internet of Things, Cloud Computing and artificial intelligence which consist of recurrent neural networks to optimize and extricate the dynamic data.

Quantum computing & technologies market report is segmented on the basis of type of technology, applications, component, end-user industry and by region & country level. Based upon technology, market is segmented into Blockchain, Adiabatic, Measurement-Based, superconducting and topological. Based upon applications, market is segmented into Cryptography, IoT/Big data/Artificial intelligence, teleportation, Simulation & data optimization and others. Based upon component, the market is classified as hardware, software & systems and services. Based upon end-user industry, the quantum computing & technology market is segmented into aerospace and defense, healthcare, manufacturing, it & telecommunications, energy and others.

The regions covered in this Global Quantum Computing & Technologies market report are North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of the World. On the basis of country level, market of Global Quantum Computing & Technologies market is sub divided into U.S., Mexico, Canada, UK, France, Germany, Italy, China, Japan, India, South East Asia, GCC, Africa, etc.

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Some major key players for Quantum Computing & Technologies market are,

Increased Demand for Handling & Analyzing the Data for Making Business Decisions More Effective and Rising Incidences of Cybercrime are Some of the Major Factors Driving the Growth of the Global Quantum Computing & Technologies Market.

The key factor for growth of global quantum computing market is increasing demand for new research and technology in field such as healthcare, defense, drug design and space technology are major factors driving the growth of quantum computing. The problem which cannot solve by using supercomputer can easily solve by using quantum computer the cloud processing is major part in quantum computing system which solves the complex problem with minimum time. The industries such as space and defense have the largest share in quantum computing market in 2020, the need of secure communication and data transfer with faster data operation which boosts the demand of quantum computing. In the last year the quantum volume of IBM was 16 and by now it has been doubled up to 32 quantum volume which is more high achievement in the field of quantum computing since 2017. However lots of error, high cost and lack of knowledge regarding quantum computing to people may restrain the growth of quantum computing market. However increasing investment in research and development for building low cost and efficient quantum computer will increase the opportunities in global market in expected period.

The key factor for growth of global quantum computing market is increasing demand for new research and technology in field such as healthcare, defense, drug design and space technology are major factors driving the growth of quantum computing. The problem which cannot solve by using supercomputer can easily solve by using quantum computer the cloud processing is major part in quantum computing system which solves the complex problem with minimum time. The industries such as space and defense have the largest share in quantum computing market in 2020, the need of secure communication and data transfer with faster data operation which boosts the demand of quantum computing. In the last year the quantum volume of IBM was 16 and by now it has been doubled up to 32 quantum volume which is more high achievement in the field of quantum computing since 2017. However lots of error, high cost and lack of knowledge regarding quantum computing to people may restrain the growth of quantum computing market. However increasing investment in research and development for building low cost and efficient quantum computer will increase the opportunities in global market in expected period.Growth of quantum computing & technologies is primarily driven by big data handling, problem-solving technique to optimize the data which are used in various industries including automotive healthcare energy & power. According to a research, everyday internet generates 2.5 billion gigabytes of YouTube shorts, viral news stories, click-bait articles, and blogs. Worldwide 3.58 billion internet users gather together to send 500 million tweets, publish 2 million articles, and send 281.1 billion emails every day. So, there is huge data and Quantum computing technology allows the user to simulate, detect, analyze, and diagnose the scattered data into well-structured data sets. According to the survey of IT, leaders from the top 400 organization quantum computing technology finds 71% view the emergence of quantum computers as a threat to cyber security. One of the biggest restraints of this technology is its high cost and it requires absolute zero temperature to operate so its difficult to maintain that temperature at low cost. Another big challenge faced by this technology is the lack of knowledge and awareness about encryption algorithms and codes used while performing some tasks in quantum computers.

In spite of that, incresaing technological advancements with high-performance quantum computing technology used in various industries such as aerospace & defense, BFSI, healthcare & life science, energy & utilities, and others fosters the growth of the market. Its excellent problem-solving power, growing spending and investment in the development and research by industry giants, has also increase the demand for quantum computing from medical research and financial sectors are expected to create great opportunity for the investors.

North America is Expected to Dominate the Global Quantum Computing & Technologies Market.

North America is dominating the growth in quantum computing market due to rapidly increase in new technology and initiative taken by government to increase the research in quantum computing. The government of US has signed a bill of 1.2 billion USD for countries effort towards quantum information science. Canada is one of the leading countries in quantum computing research. Canada has invested 1 billion USD in past decade, the government initiative; growing private sector impact drives the quantum technology development in Canada. The Europe Union is expected to drive the growth of quantum computing market. The Germany is going to invested 650 million Euros for quantum technology from basic research to market ready applications. The UK government have announced 1253 million Euros investment in quantum computing advancement the government is have invested 1.27 billion USD since 2014 and now the UKs National Quantum Technology Program have passed 1 billion Euros for development in quantum technology.

North America is emerged as a leading region in the global quantum computing & technologies market followed by Europe and Asia pacific. In the fiscal year, 2019 the U.S. government has provided $1.2 billion to fund the activities promoting quantum information science for an initial five-year period followed by U.S. the European Union has also launched a $1.1 billion investment in providing the top quantum computing strategic plan. One of the biggest competitors of the U.S. is China there is a race going on for using the most advanced technology of quantum computing. China is planning to build the worlds biggest quantum research facility for quantum computers and other revolutionary technology. The National Laboratory for Quantum Information Science of China will be located on a 37-hectare site next to a small lake in Hefei, Anhui province, China.

Key Benefits for Global Quantum Computing & Technologies Market Report

Global market report covers in depth historical and forecast analysis.

Global market research report provides detail information about Market Introduction, Market Summary, Global market Revenue (Revenue USD), Market Drivers, Market Restraints, Market opportunities, Competitive Analysis, Regional and Country Level.

Global market report helps to identify opportunities in market place.

Global market report covers extensive analysis of emerging trends and competitive landscape.

By Type of Technology: Block chain, Adiabatic, Measurement-Based, Superconducting, Topological

By Applications: Cryptography, IoT/Big data/Artificial intelligence/ML, Teleportation, Simulation & Data Optimization, Others

By Component: Hardware, Software & Systems, Services

By End-User Industry: Aerospace and Defense, Healthcare, Manufacturing, IT & Telecommunications, Energy and Power, Others

Regional & Country AnalysisNorth America, U.S., Mexico, Canada , Europe, UK, France, Germany, Italy , Asia Pacific, China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia, South America, Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, The Middle East and Africa, GCC, Africa, Rest of Middle East and Africa

Table of Content

1.1. Research Process

1.2. Primary Research

1.3. Secondary Research

1.4. Market Size Estimates

1.5. Data Triangulation

1.6. Forecast Model

1.7. USPs of Report

1.8. Report Description

2.1. Market Introduction

2.2. Executive Summary

2.3. Global Quantum Computing & Technologies Market Classification

2.4. Market Drivers

2.5. Market Restraints

2.6. Market Opportunity

2.7. Quantum Computing & Technologies Market: Trends

2.8. Porters Five Forces Analysis

2.9. Market Attractiveness Analysis

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Quantum Computing & Technologies Market Expected to Grow at CAGR 32.5 % and Forecast to 2027 KSU | The Sentinel Newspaper - KSU | The Sentinel...

Engineers from Purdue University have developed a device to address a complication which has stood in the path of developing quantum networks large enough to reliably support more than a handful of users.

The engineers' approach, described in Optica, could form part of the groundwork for establishing a quantum internet: a large number of interconnected quantum computers, quantum sensors and other quantum technologies exchanging data.

They developed a programmable switch which can be used to adjust how much data goesto each user in the network by selecting and redirecting wavelengths of light carrying the different data channels, making it possible to increase the number of users without adding to photon loss as the network grows. When photons are lost - which becomes more likely the further they have to travel through fibre-optic networks - their associated quantum information is lost.

We show a way to do wavelength routing with just one piece of equipment wavelength-selective switch to, in principle, build a network of 12 to 20 users, maybe even more, said Professor Andree Weiner, an electrical and computer engineer. Previous approaches have required physically interchanging dozens of fixed optical filters tuned to individual wavelengths, which made the ability to adjust connections between users not practically viable and photon loss more likely.

Rather than adding these fixed filters every time a new user joins the network which makes scaling an awkward process engineers can simply program the wavelength-selective switch to direct data-carrying wavelengths over to each new user. This would reduce operational and maintenance costs, in addition to making the quantum internet more efficient.

The switch could also be programmed to adjust bandwidth in response to a users needs; this is not possible with fixed optical filters. This is based on similar technology to that used for adjusting bandwidth for classical communication, a widespread practice today. Like classical light-based communications, the switch is also capable of using a flex grid to partition bandwidth to users at a variety of wavelengths and locations, rather than being restricted to a series of fixed wavelengths, each with a fixed bandwith.

Forming connections between users of a quantum internet and adjusting bandwidth means distributing entanglement: a quantum-mechanical phenomenon in which at least two particles are created with entangled states. This means that they have a fixed relationship to each other no matter the distance between them; change the state of one and the state of the others change instantaneously. Entanglement is one of the quantum phenomena at the core of quantum information and quantum computing.

When people talk about a quantum internet, its this idea of generating entanglement remotely between two different stations, such as between quantum computers, said PhD candidate Navin Lingaraju. Our method changes the rate at which entangled photons are shared between different users. These entangled photons might be used as a resource to entangle quantum computers or quantum sensors at the two different stations.

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Quantum internet one step closer to reality with innovative wavelength switch - E&T Magazine

We have done some work with the NCSC but they just do not have the budget to fund this kind of development, he says.

His fear is that the UK could experience a brain drain of cryptography talent to other countries like Canada and France that have allocated more government funding to the field.

In January, the French government announced 150m (130m) in funding for quantum safe encryption as part of a larger 1.8bn grant for quantum computing.

Insiders with links to the security services say that the Government is carrying out its own secret work on quantum safe encryption instead of relying on start-ups.

Dr Ian Levy, the technical director of the NCSC, says the organisation "continues to work closely with industry, academia and international partners" on the subject. "The NCSC is committed to ensuring the UK is well-prepared for quantum-safe cryptography," he adds.

The threat of quantum computing breaking encryption could be solved within months, however. Many organisations, including PQShield and Post-Quantum have been taking part in a global competition run by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

The contest, announced in 2016, is nearing completion. Early next year, NIST will announce the new standard for quantum safe encryption, essentially replacing RSA. It will change the world not for the next decade, but for the next 40 or 50 years, Cheng says.

If everything goes smoothly, in several years the encryption keeping secrets safe will be quietly swapped out so that quantum computers cannot easily crack messages.

I think the answer to the threat should be transparent for users. They should have basically the same experience they have today. They shouldn't have to install some new bit of kit, says Alan Woodward, a computer security expert and visiting professor at the University of Surrey.

But while NISTs competition is nearing its end, theres a rival scheme that has already been launched around the world.

Telecom businesses such as BT have spent millions of pounds creating specialist networks that use a system called quantum key distribution. It uses a stream of single photos to transfer the secret encryption keys used to decrypt data securely.

Instead of a new encryption algorithm, this scheme relies on kilometres of fibre optic cables to transfer keys and has been the favoured choice of physicists who prefer its reliance on photons rather than mathematics.

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Inside the race to keep secrets safe from the quantum computing revolution - Telegraph.co.uk