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Whats worrying you these days? The war in Ukraine? Maybe inflation? Or is it gas prices at the pump?

All are terrible situations at the current moment. And, quite frankly, none have a clearly outlined near-term solution on the horizon.

But what if I told you that one thing one technological breakthrough that is happening right now could forever solve all those problems?

Because that one thing actually does exist.

You see theres this little thing called quantum computing, and it unequivocally represents the biggest technological revolution of our lifetimes. Forget artificial intelligence (AI). Forget the metaverse. Forget electric vehicles. Forget even the computer or the internet.

Quantum computing will change the world in more profound ways than all those technological revolutions put together.

It will even help us beat both Russia and inflation.

Yep. You read that right. Quantum computing will us beat both Russia and inflation. How? By accelerating the development of a breakthrough forever battery that is the key to helping America achieve energy independence.

Heres a deeper look.

Let me start my discussion of quantum computing by saying that the underlying physics of this technological breakthrough quantum mechanics is a big, complex topic that would require 500 pages to fully understand.

We dont have 500 pages to unpack this, but heres my best job at making a CliffsNotes version in 500 words instead.

For centuries, scientists have developed, tested, and validated the laws of the physical world which are known as classical mechanics. These laws scientifically explain how things work. Why they work. Where they come from. So on and so forth.

But the discovery of the electron in 1897 by J.J. Thomson unveiled a new, subatomic world of super-small things that didnt obey the laws of classical mechanics at all. Instead, they obeyed their own set of rules, which have since become known as quantum mechanics.

The rules of quantum mechanics differ from the rules of classical mechanics in two weird, almost magical ways.

First, in classical mechanics, objects are in one place, at one time you are either at the store or at home.

But in quantum mechanics, subatomic particles can theoretically exist in multiple places at once (before they are observed). A single subatomic particle can exist in point A and point B at the same time until we observe it at which point it only exists at either point A or point B.

So, the true location of a subatomic particle is some combination of all its possible locations.

This is called quantum superposition.

Second, in classical mechanics, objects can only work with things that are also real. You cant use your imaginary friend to help move the couch. You need your real friend to help you.

But, in quantum mechanics, all those probabilistic states of subatomic particles are not independent theyre entangled. That is, if we know something about the probabilistic positioning of one subatomic particle, then we know something about the probabilistic positioning of another subatomic particle. Meaning that these super-complex particles can work together to create a super-complex ecosystem.

This is called quantum entanglement.

So, in short, subatomic particles can theoretically have multiple probabilistic states at once, and all those probabilistic states can work together again, all at once to accomplish a desired task.

Pretty wild, right?

It goes against everything classical mechanics had taught us about the world. It goes against common sense. But its true. And, now, for the first time ever, we are leaning how to harness this unique phenomenon to change everything about everything

Mark my words. Everything will change over the next few years because of quantum mechanics and some investors are going to make a lot of money.

The study of quantum theory has made huge advancements over the past century, especially so over the past decade, wherein scientists at leading technology companies have started to figure out how to harness the magical powers of quantum mechanics to make a new generation of super quantum computers that are infinitely faster and more powerful than even todays fastest supercomputers.

Again, the physics behind quantum computers is highly complex, but heres my CliffsNotes version

Todays computers are built on top of the laws of classical mechanics. That is, they store information on what are called bits which can store data binarily as either 1 or 0.

But what if you could harness the power of quantum mechanics to turn those classical bits into quantum bits or qubits that can leverage superpositioning to be both 1 and 0 data stores at the same time?

Taking it a step further, what if you could take those quantum bits and leverage entanglement to get all of the multi-state bits to work together to solve computationally taxing problems?

You would theoretically create a machine with so much computational power that it would make even todays most advanced supercomputers look like they are from the Stone Age.

Thats exactly what is happening today.

Google has built a quantum computer that is about 158 million times faster than the worlds fastest supercomputer.

Thats not hyperbole its a real number.

Imagine the possibilities if we could broadly create a new set of quantum computers 158 million times faster than even todays fastest computers

Wed finally have the level of AI that you see in movies. Thats because the biggest limitation to AI today is the robustness of machine learning algorithms, which are constrained by supercomputing capacity. Expand that capacity, and you get infinitely improved machine learning algos, and infinitely smarter AI.

We could eradicate disease. We already have tools like gene editing, but the effectiveness of gene editing relies of the robustness of the underlying computing capacity to identify, target, insert, cut, and repair genes. Insert quantum computing capacity, and all that happens without an error in seconds allowing for us to truly fix anything about anyone.

We could finally have that million-mile EV. We can only improve batteries if we can test them, and we can only test them in the real-world so much. Therefore, the key to unlocking a million-mile battery is through cellular simulation, and the quickness and effectiveness of cellular simulation rests upon the robustness of the underlying computing capacity. Make that capacity 158 million times bigger, and cellular simulation will happen 158 million times faster.

The economic opportunities here are truly endless.

One of the most relevant economic, political, and social opportunities that quantum computing will unlock is the ability for America to truly achieve energy independence.

Thats because stable energy independence can only be achieved through clean energies. And energy independence through clean energies can only be achieved through significant battery tech breakthroughs.

On the first point, energy independence via fossil fuels is a lie.

By the very scientific nature of fossil fuels, it is impossible for every country globally to achieve energy independence via oil and natural gas. Thats because those two energy sources are non-renewable and only exist in certain places on Earth. In some places, like Russia, fossil fuels are abundant. In other places, they are not.

Therefore, a global energy infrastructure built on top of fossil fuels is one that will forever be mired in energy dependence. A select handful of countries like Saudi Arabia and Russia will forever supply the vast majority of oil and natural gas to the world. Not to mention, those fossil fuels will run out, likely before the century is out. Then what? Will our kids and grandkids just not have power?

The solution, of course, is energy independence through clean energies.

The sun does shine pretty much everywhere on Earth. The wind does blow most places, too. And both are renewable energy sources that will never run out. Therefore, a global energy infrastructure built on top of solar, wind, and hydrogen power is one that sets the stage for durable energy independence.

But that energy infrastructure will require better batteries than we have today.

Thats because clean energies are mostly intermittent. That means they need to be stored in order to be reliably accessed. To store these clean energies, we can use batteries. But todays batteries arent very good at storing clean energy. Normally, they can only store up to 4-hours-worth of energy.

Thats not much and its certainly not enough to power the world.

Therefore, to achieve true energy independence we need better batteries and quantum computing will help us do that.

Want to beat inflation? Want to beat Russia? Want to kiss those high gas prices goodbye? And cut your energy bill to zero?

For me, the answer to all those things is a resounding yes! And thats why Im such a huge proponent of quantum computing technology. At scale, it could solve each of these problems.

The reality is that batteries are built using computers. Make those computers infinitely smarter and faster, and you suddenly make batteries infinitely better.

Thats why one of the worlds leading quantum computing startups just partnered with Hyundai to make better batteries.

But thats just the start. We believe the convergence of quantum computing research with battery science will give birth to a multi-trillion-dollar energy revolution.

And at the epicenter of that convergence is one tiny $2 stock.

This company is working on the exact type of forever battery technology whose development could be meaningfully accelerated by quantum computing.

In other words, this companys technology plus quantum computing could legitimately change the world.

And its stock price is under $2 today meaning you have an opportunity to, for less than $2, bet on the biggest technological revolution of our lifetimes!

Sound like a good deal? It is. If youre interested in hearing more about this tiny stock, its ticker symbol, name, and key business details, click here.

On the date of publication, Luke Lango did not have (either directly or indirectly) any positions in the securities mentioned in this article.

Read more here:
Quantum Computing Will Help America Beat Both Inflation & Russia - InvestorPlace

Yales hub for quantum research will soon entangle the campus in the best possible sense in a full week of mind-bending science, artistry, and discussion devoted to the wonders of quantum research.

Quantum Week at Yale, organized by the Yale Quantum Institute (YQI), will feature a hackathon, a lab tour, a movie screening, a record launch party, hands-on computer programming, a superconductive jewelry display, and an assortment of quantum-related library and museum exhibits.

The activities begin April 8 and run through April 14. A full list of events is available here.

Yales quantum scientists are at the very top of this field, said Florian Carle, YQI manager and coordinator for the event. We want to take some of the excitement we see in the labs and at YQI and share it with the rest of the campus.

Quantum science delves into the physical properties that explain the behavior of subatomic particles, atoms, and molecules. Over the past century, quantum research has transformed disciplines as diverse as physics, engineering, mathematics, chemistry, computer science, and materials science.

Over the past 20 years, Yale researchers have propelled quantum research, particularly in quantum information science and quantum computing, with a series of groundbreaking discoveries including the first demonstration of two-qubit algorithms with a superconducting quantum processor.

Yales research has led to unprecedented control over individual quantum objects, whether those objects are naturally occurring microscopic systems such as atoms, or macroscopic, human-made systems with engineered properties. Researchers say these advances may soon enable them to perform otherwise intractable computations, ensure privacy in communications, better understand and design novel states of matter, and develop new types of sensors and measurement devices.

This is the time when computer scientists, mathematicians, physicists, and engineers are all coming together, said Yongshan Ding, assistant professor of computer science, who will lead a programming workshop on April 14 that shows visitors including those without any experience with quantum computing how to play with quantum interference patterns.

People can just code away, Ding said. My vision is that by exposing people to these activities, we can build a quantum-native programming language. This is a new paradigm of computation, so were going to need new ways to program for it.

YQI has partnered with 18 Yale departments and centers to create 23 events for Quantum Week at Yale. One of the challenges in organizing the week, Carle explained, was developing an engaging mix of activities suited for both experienced researchers and quantum science novices.

To that end, the week is organized around four components: Understanding Quantum, Art & Quantum, Career and Entrepreneurship, and For Researchers.

The hands-on programming event, for example, comes under the Understanding Quantum banner. Other include an April 9-10 Quantum Coalition Hack, hosted by the Yale Undergraduate Quantum Computer Club; an April 11 tour of superconducting qubit laboratories; and a quantum-related exhibit of rare books at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library on April 11.

Were always looking for ways that our libraries can engage with the academic work going on at Yale, said Andrew Shimp, who consulted on Quantum Week events at Yale libraries. Shimp is Yales librarian for engineering, applied science, chemistry, and mathematics. One of the unique things a Yale library can offer is the chance to view rare collections that arent necessarily digitized yet.

The quantum exhibit at the Beinecke Library, for example, includes materials from quantum science pioneers such as Albert Einstein, Werner Heisenberg, and Max Planck. There is also an astronomy textbook, published in 1511, that includes the word quantum in its title. The title is Textus de Sphera Johannis de Sacrobosco: cum additione (quantum necessarium est) adiecta / Nouo commentario nuper edito ad vtilitate[m] studentiu[m] philosophice Parisien[em]. A brief English translation would be Sphere of Sacrobosco.

Under the Art & Quantum heading, there will be an April 8 screening of the 2013 indie thriller Coherence; a visual arts competition called Visualize Science hosted by Wright Lab on April 13; a launch party for Quantum Sound (a record project begun at YQI in 2018) on April 13; a display of Superconductive Jewelry throughout the week at YQI; a Quantum and the Arts exhibit all week at the Arts Library; an April 13 event hosted by the Yale Schwarzman Center devoted to historical preservation of technology ephemera, called Dumpster Diving: Historical Memory and Quantum Physics at Yale; and a new exhibit at the New Haven Museum, The Quantum Revolution, that opens April 13 and features drawings by former YQI artist in residence Martha Willette Lewis.

Carle is curator for the New Haven Museum exhibit. We wanted to show the evolution of quantum science at Yale, he said. It will take people from some of the first qubits in 1998 to Badger, the dilution refrigerator that ran the first two-qubit algorithms with a superconducting quantum processor in 2009.

Quantum computers require extremely cold temperatures near absolute zero in order to reduce operational errors.

The weeks Career and Entrepreneurship component will include a discussion of quantum startups hosted by The Tsai Center for Innovative Thinking at Yale (Tsai CITY) on April 12; a conversation with IBMs Mark Ritter on the global implications of quantum research, hosted by the Jackson Institute for Global Affairs on April 12; a session on how to access market research for major industry analysts, hosted by the Yale University Library, on April 12; and a series of panel discussions on how to join the quantum workforce.

Finally, the For Researchers component of Quantum Week at Yale will feature a quantum sensing workshop at Wright Lab on April 8; and an April 14 lecture by quantum researcher Nathan Wiebe of the University of Washington.

The final day for Quantum Week at Yale, April 14, also happens to be World Quantum Day, Carle said. Our hope is that by then, students all over campus will be aware of quantum work being done here and want to explore it themselves in some way.

Read this article:
Quantum Week at Yale geared toward novices and experts alike - Yale News

This week in Washington IP news, both houses of Congress remain relatively silent during their scheduled work periods. On Thursday, the Information Technology & Innovation Foundation partners with George Washington Universitys Regulatory Studies Center to host an all-day conference exploring the potential for the dynamic innovation views espoused by Joseph Schumpeter to make a bigger impact on the current wave of antitrust enforcement against Big Tech. Elsewhere, the American Enterprise Institute discusses the future of Section 230 limited liability provisions protecting online platform operators, and the Center for Strategic & International Studies takes a look at efforts among national governments to establish networks devoted to improving research and development into quantum computing.

American Enterprise Institute

The Future of Online Speech and Regulation: Section 230 and Beyond

At 9:30 on Monday, online video webinar.

The market power of online platforms operated by Big Tech companies has drawn the focus of lawmakers in recent years looking to hold those companies accountable for over-censorship of political viewpoints and the ability of malicious account owners to sell counterfeit items or foment misinformation campaigns. Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, which provides a shield for online platforms against legal liability for third-party posted content, has been a favorite target of legislators on either side of the political aisle, and anti-censorship laws have also been passed at the state level. This event will discuss balancing content moderation concerns with safeguards preserving an open Internet with a panel including Chris Cox, Member of the Board of Directors, NetChoice; Daniel Lyons, Nonresident Senior Fellow, AEI; Jeffrey A. Rosen, Nonresident Fellow, AEI; Benjamin Wittes, Senior Fellow, Brookings Institution; and moderated by Shane Tews, Nonresident Senior Fellow, AEI.

U.S. Patent and Trademark Office

Trademark Basics Boot Camp, Module 2: Registration Process Overview

At 2:00 PM on Tuesday, online video webinar.

This workshop, the second module in the USPTOs eight-part Trademark Basics Boot Camp, is designed to give small business owners and entrepreneurs an overview of the trademark registration process from filing through registration. Topics covered during this workshop include application workflow, timeline overview and post-registration timeline overview.

New America

The Tech That Comes Next: How Changemakers, Technologists, and Philanthropists Can Build an Equitable World

At 12:00 PM on Wednesday, online video webinar.

The recently published book The Tech That Comes Next explores the world of technological innovation, from the companies funding that development to the end users impacted by consumer technologies, and suggests models for equitable technological development that benefits a larger swath of society. This event features a conversation with the authors of that book: Afua Bruce, Adjunct Faculty, Carnegie Mellon University, Heinz College of Information Systems and Public Policy; and Amy Sample Ward, CEO, NTEN. That conversation will be moderated by Dr. Latanya Sweeney, Daniel Paul Professor of the Practice of Government and Technology, Harvard Kennedy School, and Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences; and Dr. Charlton McIlwain, Vice Provost for Faculty Engagement and Development, NYU.

Information Technology & Innovation Foundation

George Washington Universitys Regulatory Studies Center

Joint Conference on Dynamic Competition and Public Policy: Reflecting on the Path Forward for Schumpeterian Antitrust

At 8:30 AM on Thursday at ITIF, 700 K Street NW, Suite 600.

Twenty years after the publication of Jerry Elligs book Dynamic Competition and Public Policy, a landmark work examining the intersection of antitrust and innovation, D.C. are working harder than ever to pass legislation increasing antitrust enforcement against Big Tech. This all-day conference, jointly hosted by ITIFs Schumpeter Project on Competition Policy and George Washington Universitys Regulatory Studies Center, will focus on the issues raised by Elligs work and how the views on dynamic innovation espoused in the early 20th century by German-Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter should be incorporated into the growing wave of antitrust regulation. An opening keynote address at this conference will be given by Patty Brink, Senior Counsel, Antitrust Division, U.S. Department of Justice. The conference will also feature several panels discussing topics including dynamic competition and the U.S. Federal Trade Commissions rulemaking authority, a dynamic approach to mergers, precautionary antitrust versus dynamic antitrust, and innovation, IP and antitrust tools reconsidered. This event will close with a keynote address given by Mark Meador, Deputy Chief Counsel for Antitrust and Competition Policy, Senate Judiciary Committee.

Center for Strategic & International Studies

The Future of Quantum A Closer Look at Global Collaboration

At 10:00 AM on Thursday, online video webinar.

The importance of quantum computing technologies to national security, especially due to quantums potential to transform encryption technologies, has made that sector of innovation a priority among international security alliances. Recently, the AUKUS trilateral security pact between Australia, the UK and the U.S. established working groups focused on improving R&D in quantum computing. Over in Europe, many EU member countries also participate in the International Cooperation on Quantum Technologies network to facilitate a collaborative environment for developing quantum technologies. This event will feature a discussion on opportunities for global collaboration in quantum innovation with a panel including Zaira Nazario, Quantum Theorist, IBM Research; Andrew Houck, Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University; Travis Humble, Interim Director, U.S. Department of Energy Quantum Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; and James Andrew Lewis, Senior Vice President and Director, Strategic Technologies Program, CSIS.

U.S. Patent and Trademark Office

Trade Secret Protection in the United States

At 12:00 PM on Thursday, online video webinar.

This USPTO workshop offers a presentation on the state of trade secret protections under U.S. law, with an emphasis on how the enforcement of trade secret rights can aid small- and medium-sized businesses. This presentation will be given by Jennifer Blank, Attorney Advisor, Office of Policy and International Affairs, USPTO.

U.S. Patent and Trademark Office

The Path to a Patent, Part II: Drafting Provisional Patent Applications

At 2:00 PM on Thursday, online video webinar.

This workshop, the second in the USPTOs eight-part Path to a Patent series, is designed to teach prospective patent applicants the basics about drafting provisional patent applications. Topics covered during this workshop include key differences between provisional and nonprovisional patent applications, filing requirements for provisional patent applications and filing fees.

U.S. Patent and Trademark Office

What You Need to Sell Your Arts and Crafts Online: An E-Commerce Primer for Native American Visual Artists and Craftspeople

At 3:00 PM on Thursday, online video webinar.

The availability of physical and online markets offers economic opportunity to arts and crafts designers from Native American tribes. However, a heavy shift to online sales and away from live trade shows during the COVID-19 pandemic has created unique challenges making business success difficult for those creating works from traditional materials and art techniques. This workshop, hosted by the USPTO in partnership with the Indian Arts and Crafts Board and Indian Dispute Resolution Services, will discuss various online channels that Native American craftspeople have for marketing their goods, including online auction sites, artisan e-commerce sites and social networks like Facebook.

Hudson Institute

Drug Patents and Evidence-Based Policymaking in Patent Law

At 10:00 AM on Friday, online video webinar.

The potential impact of drug patents on healthcare prices has been a favored punching bag among D.C. lawmakers looking for ways to reduce the cost of medical care. Many of those conversations have been informed by data reported from the Initiative for Medicines, Access & Knowledge (I-MAK), which has been criticized for a lack of transparency in its datasets along with factual discrepancies in data that I-MAK has published. On April 1, Senator Thom Tillis (R-NC) renewed requests to the directors of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and the U.S. Food & Drug Administration to examine the claimed discrepancies. This event will feature a discussion on Congress policy debate over drug patents with a panel including David Kappos, Partner, Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP, Former Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property and Director, USPTO; Erika Lietzan, William H. Pittman Professor of Law and Timothy J. Heinz Professor of Law, University of Missouri School of Law; Adam Mossoff, Chair, Forum for Intellectual Property and Senior Fellow, Hudson Institute, and Professor of Law, Antonin Scalia Law School, George Mason University; and moderated by Urka Petrov?i?, Senior Fellow, Hudson Institute.

See the original post here:
This Week in Washington IP: Examining the Drug Patent Policy Debate, the Future of Section 230 Protections for Online Speech, and Global Collaboration...

Every few years IBM brings out a new addition to its Z series mainframe family. From the information accompanying the release of the new enterprise system, IBM appears to be touting the new z16 machines ability to handle real time fraud detection for instant payments across the financial sector. It also offers an AI (artificial intelligence) accelerator, using IBMs Telum chip. This will certainly be good news for many financial institutes. For instance, speaking at a recent IBM-hosted roundtable, Steve Suarez, global head of innovation, finance & risk at HSBC, described how the bank was drowning in data. Suarez sees a need to have technology that can help the bank provide insights that actually benefit people.

What is interesting from the virtual z16 briefing Computer Weekly attended is IBMs focus on the new machines ability to protect against hackers using quantum computing to break the strong encryption that underpins financial transactions.

IBM distinguished engineer, Anne Dames said: Good technology can be used to do bad things. In other words, a quantum computer could be used to break the cryptographic keys that are used to encrypt data.

We are entering a new cryptographic era, she warns, adding that the IT industry needs to act now before there is an effective quantum computing based attack.

The worst case scenario IBM paints is where a successful hacking attack gains access to a large quantity of encrypted data. Since this data is encrypted, it is near impossible to decipher it in a realistic timescale. The US National Institute of Standards and Technology warns that if large-scale quantum computers are ever built, they will be able to break many of the public-key cryptosystems currently in use. This would seriously compromise the confidentiality and integrity of digital communications on the Internet and elsewhere. Nist is encouraging the IT sector to develop post-quantum cryptography and IBMs z16 is one of the first systems to claim it is quantum safe.

While this is clearly an important development and IBMs efforts should be applauded, one cant help worrying that IBM, Nist and the IT sector at large, are somehow missing the bigger picture. Breaking cryptography is one thing, but quantum computers have the potential to revolutionise drug development and the ability to create new chemical processes such as to reduce carbon emissions. The flip side is that these techniques may also be used to develop devastatingly effective, targeted chemical and biological weapons. As such, policy makers need to wake up to the risk, and track quantum computing in the same way that atomic, biological and chemical weapon materials are monitored.

More:
Quantum computing and the bigger picture - ComputerWeekly.com

In an interview during his recent visit to India,Gilsaid he also metsome government officials including Rajeev Chandrasekhar, minister of state for electronics and information technology, with whom he shared how IBM could help create a national quantum plan in India.Gilalso explained how enterprises and governments can benefit from technologies such as the hybrid cloud, edge computing, quantum computing, and shared his thoughts on Web3. Edited excerpts:

IBM outlined its commitment almost five years back to grow a quantum ready workforce and build an ecosystem to nurture the community in India. What's the progress?

We have made tremendous amount of progress and in fact, it was one of their core aspects of the discussion with the minister (Rajeev Chandrashekar) that I had. They intend to make sure that India is a powerhouse in the world of quantum skills and quantum technologies. In this context, access to the technology is crucial. That's why we're committed to the open-source environment--the most-widely one used around the world is Qiskit. We're seeing tremendous adoption in terms of advocates and quantum ambassadors here in India, and we're also having many conversations right now with different IITs (Indian Institutes of Technology) and leading centers for training, to develop a curriculum, and certification. The Qiskit (to learn quantum computation) textbook is now also available in Tamil, Bengali and Hindi. We're going to be running many workshops and lots of programs around it. I think there's a tremendous opportunity and part of our commitment is to figure out a way to grow these broad-based skills and talent programming in India for quantum.

Whats the progress on quantum computers, and how do they currently compare with supercomputers?

Most of the computation will continue to run on classical computers whether in CPUs (central processing units) or accelerators (GPUs or gaming processor units), or AI, but there are several important problems that are very well suited for quantum computers. One of them is the dimension of simulating and modeling our world.It turns out there are also mathematical problems of great importance that are well suited to quantum computers such as cryptography and factoring. Blockchain, crypto, and other such technologies are going to have to be adapt and change because of the advances of quantum.

We have over 180 institutions that are part of the IBM Quantum Network and they include some of the largest corporations in the world from the financial sector like Goldman Sachs and JP Morgan Chase and Wells Fargo, Mizuho Bank, and others such as Daimler and also big energy companies in the oil and gas sector, and some materials companies. Theres also a huge appetite in university and students with research laboratories participating in this.

But when will the world get to see a stable quantum computer that will work around current limitations such as noise leading to higher error rates, interference, etc.?

We already have quantum computers but they, as you correctly pointed out, have limitations. We still haven't crossed the threshold of quantum advantage (the so-called quantum advantage or quantum supremacy is a point when a quantum system performs functions that today's classical computers cannot) but they are quantum computers, nonetheless. We have built over 30 of them in the last 4-5 years, of which over 20 quantum computers are active right now with IBM providing access to them through the IBM Cloud. Every day we run three-and-a-half billion quantum circuits, running on actual quantum hardware.

The roadmap we shared is that in the first year we will build 100 qubit quantum computer, this year, we're going to build a 433 qubit machine and next year, a machine with over a 1000 qubits (A quantum computer comprises quantum bits or qubits that can encode a one and a zero simultaneously. This property allows them to process a lot more information than traditional computers, and at unimaginable speeds.).

The error rate of the qubits is also improving tremendously (we can get to 10 to the minus 4 error rates). And the algorithms and software--the techniques we use for error mitigation and error correction--is also improving. If you combine all of this, (and) if you want to be conservative, we're going to see quantum advantage this decade.

Whats the roadmap for quantum computing?

We have seen AI-centric or GPU-centric supercomputers, and we are most definitely going to see quantum-centric supercomputers. This is how it may work out. Imagine a quantum computer with hundreds or thousands of qubits with a single cryostat (Heat creates error in qubits hence they need to be cooled to near absolute zero in a device called a cryostat that contains liquid helium), and now imagine a quantum data center with multiple cryostats in a data center.You could build a data center that has thousands or tens of thousands of qubits but the connection between these different cryostats in the first generation is classical. If you're smart enough to take a problem and partition the problem in such a way that you can run parallel workloads in the quantum machines and then connect them and stick them classically, you still incur an exponential cost in the classical piece but can still get to a good answer.The next step is to combine the field of quantum communications and quantum computing. It's a roadmap over the next 10-20 years, but we will see quantum supercomputers and they are going to work in concert with the current supercomputers.

I would now like to segue into how the adoption of hybrid cloud has increased in enterprises, and its evolution both from a market and research point of view.

From a market lens, if you look at any kind of medium-size or large-scale business (from a market lens), this reality (of a hybrid cloud) is there. Simply put, the question is how to make the hybrid cloud strategy work and continue to modernize the infrastructure so that the workloads and processes run optimally across it. That's explains why the open-source component and the acquisition of Red Hat was so crucialto have an operating system based on Linux and having a container architecture based on Kubernetes. This is a $1 trillion plus annual market opportunity for us to provide the middleware, infrastructure, and right skills through IBM Consulting to help our clients operate and succeed in that environment.

From a computer science lens, we have seen the huge importance of edge computing and if you look beyond, you will also see the heterogeneous nature of architectures based on microprocessor-centric architectures like the AI accelerator-centric architectures and quantum-centric architectures in the future. So, its critical to build a very heterogeneous, very distributed, computational environment and ensure it is architected properly and works.

Speaking about AI, even as big data is important, there is much effort to do a lot more with less data.

Yeah, it's true. One extreme continues to be a story of how you learn from large amounts of data--we're talking about taking advantage of advances in self supervision to be able to train large foundational models, and a good example is in NLP (Natural Language Processing). But the challenge our clients have had with AI is that the data science portion of itthe data labeling and training pipeline consumes 90% of the resources and (also consumes) a lot of time. So, anything we can do to reduce this is hugely important. Then there's another vector--how do you inherently learn from less with much fewer examples, with few short learnings, and so on? This is an area where we invest a lot.

Semiconductors is another critical part of IBM Research. In May 2021, IBM announced its second-generation nanosheet technology has paved a path to the 2 nm node. Please explain the significance of this development.

The topic of semiconductors today has become a national and international priority. I meet with government leaders around the world and now, politicians and citizens are realizing the importance of semiconductors because they (semiconductors) are literally in everything cars, refrigerators, phones, and computers. The semiconductor industry is a half-a-trillion-dollar industry. By all accounts, this is going to double in size in the coming decade. To enable that growth, innovation and manufacturing capability must go hand in hand.IBM plays a central role on the innovation side in creating the new technology that enables manufacturers to bring that capability to the world at scale. As an example, the announcement last year on the 2 nanometer technology is incredibly exciting because there's almost nothing more impactful than a next generation transistor (allows a chip to fit up to 50 billion transistors in a space that is the size of a fingernail). We also recently (in December 2021) announced the Vertical FieldEffect transistor, or the VTFETa design aimed at enabling smaller, more powerful, and energy-efficient devices. Of course, we use the expertise we have in semiconductor technology to build quantum computing as well.

Whats your role as a member of the National Science Board?

The National Science Board is the entity that is the governing board of the National Science Foundation (NSF) of the United States. It funds a very significant part of all the basic science work. The characteristic of that funding is that it is curiosity driven, and not driven by application.It's about advancing the frontiers of mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology, and is hugely important that we, as societies, defend and support the need for that kind of discovery. Without that investment, it (discovery) takes many decades.

Before we wrap up, I would love to have your thoughts on Web 3.0 and metaversethe two buzzwords that are currently taking the industry by storm.

I like to see the foundations of these areas. On Web 3.0, it's back to the computer science story.It's about how we build the next generation of truly distributed computational environments. We touched on this lens from the perspective of a hybrid cloud. But this is complementary to that because it is about: How do you build in this case a web architecture and a network architecture that is inherently distributed by design? This requires thinking about a lot of foundation things--right from the security dimension to the semantic nature of the relationship around that. The previous version (of the web) was all about interactivity. Now it's also about how we bring together sensors and the fact that we have computers everywhere, and humans interacting with it. So, it's this next generation architecture I think is fundamental.

As for the metaverse, maybe Im not the most qualified person to talk about it, (but) obviously it's going to be a hugely important way to extend the way we entertain and collaborate. (But) I really would like that technology is also oriented towards (solving a) broader set of problems.

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india Aims To Be Powerhouse In The World Of Quantum Skills | Mint - Mint