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Alternative Title: Ukrayina

Ukraine

National anthem of Ukraine

Ukraine, country located in eastern Europe, the second largest on the continent after Russia. The capital is Kiev (Kyiv), located on the Dnieper River in north-central Ukraine.

A fully independent Ukraine emerged only late in the 20th century, after long periods of successive domination by Poland-Lithuania, Russia, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.). Ukraine had experienced a brief period of independence in 191820, but portions of western Ukraine were ruled by Poland, Romania, and Czechoslovakia in the period between the two World Wars, and Ukraine thereafter became part of the Soviet Union as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (S.S.R.). When the Soviet Union began to unravel in 199091, the legislature of the Ukrainian S.S.R. declared sovereignty (July 16, 1990) and then outright independence (August 24, 1991), a move that was confirmed by popular approval in a plebiscite (December 1, 1991). With the dissolution of the U.S.S.R. in December 1991, Ukraine gained full independence. The country changed its official name to Ukraine, and it helped to found the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), an association of countries that were formerly republics of the Soviet Union.

Ukraine is bordered by Belarus to the north, Russia to the east, the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea to the south, Moldova and Romania to the southwest, and Hungary, Slovakia, and Poland to the west. In the far southeast, Ukraine is separated from Russia by the Kerch Strait, which connects the Sea of Azov to the Black Sea.

Ukraine occupies the southwestern portion of the Russian Plain (East European Plain). The country consists almost entirely of level plains at an average elevation of 574 feet (175 metres) above sea level. Mountainous areas such as the Ukrainian Carpathians and Crimean Mountains occur only on the countrys borders and account for barely 5 percent of its area. The Ukrainian landscape nevertheless has some diversity: its plains are broken by highlandsrunning in a continuous belt from northwest to southeastas well as by lowlands.

The rolling plain of the Dnieper Upland, which lies between the middle reaches of the Dnieper (Dnipro) and Southern Buh (Pivdennyy Buh, or the Boh) rivers in west-central Ukraine, is the largest highland area; it is dissected by many river valleys, ravines, and gorges, some more than 1,000 feet (300 metres) deep. On the west the Dnieper Upland is abutted by the rugged Volyn-Podilsk Upland, which rises to 1,545 feet (471 metres) at its highest point, Mount Kamula. West of the Volyn-Podilsk Upland, in extreme western Ukraine, the parallel ranges of the Carpathian Mountainsone of the most picturesque areas in the countryextend for more than 150 miles (240 km). The mountains range in height from about 2,000 feet (600 metres) to about 6,500 feet (2,000 metres), rising to 6,762 feet (2,061 metres) at Mount Hoverla, the highest point in the country. The northeastern and southeastern portions of Ukraine are occupied by low uplands rarely reaching an elevation of 1,000 feet (300 metres).

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Among the countrys lowlands are the Pripet Marshes (Polissya), which lie in the northern part of Ukraine and are crossed by numerous river valleys. In east-central Ukraine is the Dnieper Lowland, which is flat in the west and gently rolling in the east. To the south, another lowland extends along the shores of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov; its level surface, broken only by low rises and shallow depressions, slopes gradually toward the Black Sea. The shores of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov are characterized by narrow, sandy spits of land that jut out into the water; one of these, the Arabat Spit, is about 70 miles (113 km) long but averages less than 5 miles (8 km) in width.

The southern lowland continues in the Crimean Peninsula as the North Crimean Lowland. The peninsulaa large protrusion into the Black Seais connected to the mainland by the Perekop Isthmus. The Crimean Mountains form the southern coast of the peninsula. Mount Roman-Kosh, at 5,069 feet (1,545 metres), is the mountains highest point.

Almost all the major rivers in Ukraine flow northwest to southeast through the plains to empty into the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. The Dnieper River, with its hydroelectric dams, huge reservoirs, and many tributaries, dominates the entire central part of Ukraine. Of the total course of the Dnieper, 609 miles (980 km) are in Ukraine, making it by far the longest river in the country, of which it drains more than half. Like the Dnieper, the Southern Buh, with its major tributary, the Inhul, flows into the Black Sea. To the west and southwest, partly draining Ukrainian territory, the Dniester (Dnistro) also flows into the Black Sea; among its numerous tributaries, the largest in Ukraine are the Stryy and the Zbruch. The middle course of the Donets River, a tributary of the Don, flows through southeastern Ukraine and is an important source of water for the Donets Basin (Donbas). The Danube River flows along the southwestern frontier of Ukraine. Marshland, covering almost 3 percent of Ukraine, is found primarily in the northern river valleys and in the lower reaches of the Dnieper, Danube, and other rivers.

The rivers are most important as a water supply, and for this purpose a series of canals has been built, such as the DonetsDonets Basin, the DnieperKryvyy Rih, and the North Crimea. Several of the larger rivers are navigable, including the Dnieper, Danube, Dniester, Pripet (Prypyat), Donets, and Southern Buh (in its lower course). Dams and hydroelectric plants are situated on all the larger rivers.

Ukraine has a few natural lakes, all of them small and most of them scattered over the river floodplains. One of the largest is Lake Svityaz, 11 square miles (28 square km) in area, in the northwest. Small saltwater lakes occur in the Black Sea Lowland and in Crimea. Larger saline lakes occur along the coast. Known as limans, these bodies of water form at the mouths of rivers or ephemeral streams and are blocked off by sandbars from the sea. Some artificial lakes have been formed, the largest of which are reservoirs at hydroelectric damse.g., the reservoir on the Dnieper upstream from Kremenchuk. The Kakhovka, Dnieper, Dniprodzerzhynsk, Kaniv, and Kiev reservoirs make up the rest of the Dnieper cascade. Smaller reservoirs are located on the Dniester and Southern Buh rivers and on tributaries of the Donets River. Small reservoirs for water supply also are found near Kryvyy Rih, Kharkiv, and other industrial cities. Three large artesian basinsthe Volyn-Podilsk, the Dnieper, and the Black Seaare exceptionally important for municipal needs and agriculture as well.

From northwest to southeast the soils of Ukraine may be divided into three major aggregations: a zone of sandy podzolized soils; a central belt consisting of the black, extremely fertile Ukrainian chernozems; and a zone of chestnut and salinized soils.

The podzolized soils occupy about one-fifth of the countrys area, mostly in the north and northwest. These soils were formed by the extension of postglacial forests into regions of grassy steppe; most such soils may be farmed, although they require the addition of nutrients to obtain good harvests.

The chernozems of central Ukraine, among the most fertile soils in the world, occupy about two-thirds of the countrys area. These soils may be divided into three broad groups: in the north a belt of the so-called deep chernozems, about 5 feet (1.5 metres) thick and rich in humus; south and east of the former, a zone of prairie, or ordinary, chernozems, which are equally rich in humus but only about 3 feet (1 metre) thick; and the southernmost belt, which is even thinner and has still less humus. Interspersed in various uplands and along the northern and western perimeters of the deep chernozems are mixtures of gray forest soils and podzolized black-earth soils, which together occupy much of Ukraines remaining area. All these soils are very fertile when sufficient water is available. However, their intensive cultivation, especially on steep slopes, has led to widespread soil erosion and gullying.

The smallest proportion of the soil cover consists of the chestnut soils of the southern and eastern regions. They become increasingly salinized to the south as they approach the Black Sea.

Ukraine lies in a temperate climatic zone influenced by moderately warm, humid air from the Atlantic Ocean. Winters in the west are considerably milder than those in the east. In summer, on the other hand, the east often experiences higher temperatures than the west. Average annual temperatures range from about 4245 F (5.57 C) in the north to about 5255 F (1113 C) in the south. The average temperature in January, the coldest month, is about 26 F (3 C) in the southwest and about 18 F (8 C) in the northeast. The average in July, the hottest month, is about 73 F (23 C) in the southeast and about 64 F (18 C) in the northwest.

Precipitation is uneven, with two to three times as much falling in the warmer seasons as in the cold. Maximum precipitation generally occurs in June and July, while the minimum falls in February. Snow falls mainly in late November and early December; accumulation varies in depth from a few inches in the steppe region (in the south) to several feet in the Carpathians. Western Ukraine, notably the Carpathian Mountains area, receives the highest annual precipitationmore than 47 inches (1,200 mm). The lowlands along the Black Sea and in Crimea, by contrast, receive less than 16 inches (400 mm) annually. The remaining areas of Ukraine receive 16 to 24 inches (400 to 600 mm) of precipitation.

In contrast to the rest of Ukraine, the southern shore of Crimea has a warm, gentle, Mediterranean-type climate. Winters are mild and rainy, with little snow, and the average January temperature is 39 F (4 C). Summers are dry and hot, with an average July temperature of 75 F (24 C).

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Ukraine | History, Geography, People, & Language ...

President Trump met with Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko on June 20 at the White House. (The Washington Post)

As President Trump greeted his Ukrainian counterpart, Petro Poroshenko, on Tuesday at the White House, he made an unfortunate slip. It's a great honor to be with President Poroshenko of the Ukraine, Trump told reporters in the Oval Office, a place that we've all been very much involved in.

Trump was right: TheUnited States has indeed long been involved with Ukraine butunfortunately it's been adding a the to Ukraine's name for quite some time too. Whileit'san understandable mistake, it's alsoone that may leave many Ukrainians annoyed because of its awkward geopolitical implications.

Some countriesincludethe definitive article in their name. This typically occurs when the name refers to a geographic entity or a political organization for example, the United States of America, the United Kingdom, thePhilippines thoughit is often not considered anofficial part of the name.According to the CIA World Fact Book, only The Bahamas and The Gambia officially includethe in their names.

Ukraine is not referred to as the Ukraine in its own constitution or other official documents. In fact, there is no definite article in the Ukrainian or Russian languages used in the country. Ukraine is both the conventional short and long name of the country, a representative of the Ukrainian Embassy in London told the BBC in 2012. This name is stated in the Ukrainian Declaration of Independence and Constitution.

Yet use of the Ukraine in English language references to the country have beencommon for decades (you can see the relative rates of popularity through this chart via Google Books). It was commonenough that after Ukraine became independent after the collapse of the Soviet Union,it had to make clear that there was no the in itsname, and most news publications complied.

Exactly why thedeclarative article came to be attached to Ukraine in the first place is hard to know, but the reasoning may lie in the country's history.Between 1919 and 1991, Ukraine was officially known as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in the English language;it may have been this Soviet period that resulted in the the being added. A more likely alternative may lie in the etymology of the word Ukraine, which is believed by many (but not all) scholars to come from the Old Slavic word Ukraina, thought to have meantsomething like the borderland.

Thisexplains why the Ukraine annoys many Ukrainians. The mistake seems to implythat Ukraine can only be defined by its relation to its larger neighbor, Russia, and the years of domination it suffered underMoscow during the Soviet Union and the Russian Empire before that. Calling Ukraine the Ukraine would seem to question its sovereignty: A fraught thing after Russia's annexation of Crimea and support for rebels in east Ukraine.

For Trump, whose benign view of Moscow has become notorious, it's especially awkward. Poroshenko was not visibly upset by Trump's choice of words on Tuesday, but on Twitter many pointed out the slip, with former U.S. ambassador to Russia Michael McFaul indicating that Trump's choice of words suggested he hadn't been adequately briefed.

But as others pointed out, plenty of other U.S. leaders have made the same mistake includingMcFaul's former boss, Barack Obama, in 2014.

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Trump calls Ukraine the thing Ukrainians hate the most - Washington Post

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Ukraine Goes On Anti-Russia Pipeline Offensive As Europe Goes Nuts Forbes With Washington's blessing, Ukraine is going on the offensive against a Baltic Sea pipeline it deems a death knell to state controlled Naftogaz. Naftogaz is one of the most important companies in the country, and the gateway between Russian gas fields ... and more »

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Ukraine Goes On Anti-Russia Pipeline Offensive As Europe Goes Nuts - Forbes

When Viktor F. Yanukovych, the pro-Russian former president, fled Ukraine for Russia in February 2014 amid violent anti-government protests, few imagined that his departure could lead to this. Within a month, Russia had annexed Crimea and was supporting operatives in Ukraine who led mercenary fighters and separatists, and used conventional Russian weapons like the antiaircraft vehicle that investigators believe destroyed Malaysia Airlines flight MH17. Ukraine fought back in June of 2014, routing the Russian-supported separatists. Desperate to stave off humiliation, Russia counterattacked, deploying conventional armored and mechanized forces and stopping Ukraines Army at Ilovaisk and Debaltseve. Since then, the two sides have faced off along an ad hoc border stretching hundreds of kilometers around the cities of Luhansk and Donetsk.

An estimated 100,000 soldiers and volunteers are dug into sporadic trench lines, desultory garrisons and improvised fighting positions that run along both sides of the conflict so called because neither government has declared war. Many Ukrainians hoped that a Hillary Clinton victory in last years American election would lead to vigorous Western intervention. Donald Trumps election was mostly met with sorrow and pessimism in Ukraine: His statements during the campaign led Ukrainians to believe that he sympathized with Russian imperial and territorial ambitions. Moscow has been quietly building up conventional military capabilities near Ukraine, perhaps to finally incorporate the breakaway Donbas republics into Russia. President Trump has yet to produce any feasible long-term solutions beyond sending Ukraine modest financial aid a variation on President Barack Obamas policy.

That tacit approval of the status quo has allowed the conflict to grow in strength and intensity. Early in the year, Russian-led separatists initiated the largest series of cease-fire violations since early 2015. By mid-March, Ukraines government supported a contentious and costly border blockade.

The winter of 2016-17 was hard, made worse by the conflict. A Russian-born woman in her late 70s who, like most people I spoke with here, asked that her name not be used because of fears of reprisal lives in an apartment with a concrete floor and walls that bleed warmth. Some winter nights, the temperature hit minus 19 Celsius (minus 2 Fahrenheit) colder, in fact, with the harsh winds that blow unimpeded across the plains. She said there had not been gas heat available since 2014. In winter, she uses electric space heaters that cost as much as $100 per month to run, though her monthly pension is only about $35.

I do extra jobs to make enough money to live, she said in an interview earlier this year. I sweep the school grounds and grow vegetables. She has kept a jug of water by her window ever since shrapnel from a rocket caused a rug to catch fire.

Many of those who remain in the war zone are elderly, frail, destitute or too stubborn to move. One woman in her late 80s lives in the battle-torn town of Avdiivka. Her apartment walls are scarred by bullets and shrapnel, and the wallpaper in the living room is black with soot; a stray rocket set her balcony on fire in 2014. She has been reduced to depending on the charity of strangers.

This war is worse than the last one, she told me last year, referring to World War II, in which she served for the Soviet Union. After the hardship of my younger years, I never thought I would see war again, especially as an old woman.

All told, the conflict has displaced between two million and three and a half million people. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, at least 1.6 million Ukrainians moved west toward Ukraines capital, Kiev as a result of the fighting. Russia says that 2.6 million Ukrainians moved east. In its report ending March 12, the refugee agency also estimated that from mid-April 2014 to mid-March 2017, at least 9,940 people have been killed and 23,455 wounded.

Border towns like Avdiivka and Marinka hold on, barely. Other places between the lines have it even worse. When I visited Opytne in August 2016, its population was 13, a fraction of what it was before the war, according to residents. Many buildings were abandoned. One smelled like a slaughterhouse. Former municipal buildings had holes in their floors and ceilings. Festive murals of village life were chipped and faded. Centrifuges rusted in a former agricultural lab while birds nested among rotting books and technical manuals in a former library. The few civilians I encountered during that trip lounged outside while an old woman cooked over an open wood fire.

With the not-war in eastern Ukraine now in its fourth year, President Trump has failed to accomplish even the most modest improvement on President Obamas dismal record managing Russias intrusion on Ukrainian territory. While Americas president is distracted by the special counsels investigation into Russian meddling in the 2016 election, President Vladimir Putin weighs Russias options in Ukraine. The ongoing violence, combined with a recent spate of assassinations and assassination attempts in Ukraine, does not bode well for regional stability. If Russia invades, it could precipitate a broader European conflict, and the 800,000 Ukrainian civilians gritting their teeth in the silence between artillery barrages could become eight million.

Adrian Bonenberger, a member of the Truman National Security Projects Defense Council, is the author of Afghan Post, a memoir.

Follow The New York Times Opinion section on Facebook and Twitter, and sign up for the Opinion Today newsletter.

A version of this op-ed appears in print on June 21, 2017, on Page A14 of the National edition with the headline: The war no one notices in Ukraine.

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The War No One Notices in Ukraine - New York Times

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Russia's Cyberwar on Ukraine Is a Blueprint For What's to Come ... - WIRED