Archive for the ‘Wikipedia’ Category

Wyoming – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wyoming i// is a state in the mountain region of the Western United States. Wyoming is the 10th most extensive, but the least populous and the second least densely populated of the 50 United States. The western two thirds of the state is covered mostly with the mountain ranges and rangelands in the foothills of the Eastern Rocky Mountains, while the eastern third of the state is high elevation prairie known as the High Plains. Cheyenne is the capital and the most populous city in Wyoming, with a population estimate of 62,448 in 2013.

As specified in the designating legislation for the Territory of Wyoming, Wyoming's borders are lines of latitude, 41N and 45N, and longitude, 1043'W and 1113'W (27 W and 34 W of the Washington Meridian), making the shape of the state a latitude-longitude quadrangle.[5] Wyoming is one of only three states (along with Colorado and Utah) to have borders along only straight latitudinal and longitudinal lines, rather than being defined by natural landmarks. Due to surveying inaccuracies during the 19th century, Wyoming's legal border deviates from the true latitude and longitude lines by up to half of a mile (0.8km) in some spots, especially in the mountainous region along the 45th parallel.[6] Wyoming is bordered on the north by Montana, on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the south by Colorado, on the southwest by Utah, and on the west by Idaho. It is the tenth largest state in the United States in total area, containing 97,814 square miles (253,340km2) and is made up of 23 counties. From the north border to the south border it is 276 miles (444km);[7] and from the east to the west border is 365 miles (587km) at its south end and 342 miles (550km) at the north end.

The Great Plains meet the Rocky Mountains in Wyoming. The state is a great plateau broken by many mountain ranges. Surface elevations range from the summit of Gannett Peak in the Wind River Mountain Range, at 13,804 feet (4,207m), to the Belle Fourche River valley in the states northeast corner, at 3,125 feet (952m). In the northwest are the Absaroka, Owl Creek, Gros Ventre, Wind River and the Teton ranges. In the north central are the Big Horn Mountains; in the northeast, the Black Hills; and in the southern region the Laramie, Snowy and Sierra Madre ranges.

The Snowy Range in the south central part of the state is an extension of the Colorado Rockies in both geology and appearance. The Wind River Range in the west central part of the state is remote and includes more than 40 mountain peaks in excess of 13,000ft (4,000m) tall in addition to Gannett Peak, the highest peak in the state. The Big Horn Mountains in the north central portion are somewhat isolated from the bulk of the Rocky Mountains.

The Teton Range in the northwest extends for 50 miles (80km), part of which is included in Grand Teton National Park. The park includes the Grand Teton, the second highest peak in Wyoming.

The Continental Divide spans north-south across the central portion of the state. Rivers east of the divide drain into the Missouri River Basin and eventually the Gulf of Mexico. They are the North Platte, Wind, Big Horn and the Yellowstone rivers. The Snake River in northwest Wyoming eventually drains into the Columbia River and the Pacific Ocean, as does the Green River through the Colorado River Basin.

The continental divide forks in the south central part of the state in an area known as the Great Divide Basin where the waters that flow or precipitate into this area remain there and cannot flow to any ocean. Instead, because of the overall aridity of Wyoming, water in the Great Divide Basin simply sinks into the soil or evaporates.

Several rivers begin or flow through the state, including the Yellowstone River, Bighorn River, Green River, and the Snake River.

Wyoming has 32 named islands, of which the majority are located in Jackson Lake and Yellowstone Lake within Yellowstone National Park in the northwest portion of the state. Green River in the southwest also contains a number of islands.

More than 48% of the land in Wyoming is owned by the U.S. government, leading Wyoming to rank sixth in the U.S. in total acres and fifth in percentage of a state's land owned by the federal government.[8] This amounts to about 30,099,430 acres (121,808.1km2) owned and managed by the U.S. government. The state government owns an additional 6% of all Wyoming lands, or another 3,864,800 acres (15,640km2).[8]

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Wyoming - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

How Wikipedia reading habits can successfully predict the spread of disease

The ability to forecast the spread of an infectious diseases weeks in advance can make a world of difference when it comes to public health responses. For decades, scientists have been trying to create models to predict how something like the flu will spread.

People's Internet usage has opened a new door for predictive data. There are already some tools out there, such as Google Trends, which triesto"nowcast," or showwhat's happening right now with the spread of certain diseases in the world. There have been studies, too, on whether Twitter can accurately predict how a disease is spreading.

But getting access to Google Trends or Twitter data is not always easy -- or cheap. So a team of mathematicians, biologists and computer scientists got together to see if they could use something that's completely open and free: Wikipedia.

As it turns out, they could accuratelyforecasthow influenza and dengue spread based purelyon people's reading habits of Wikipedia articles. Last week, they showed how their algorithm could predict flu season in the United States. The full results of their research are published in this week's PLOS Computational Biology.

"Nowcasting is cool, but ideally you want to provide informationto public health departments and policymakers so they can plan ahead of time," said Sara Del Valle, a project leader at Los Alamos National Laboratory whose team worked on the study. "Becauseif you reallywant to make a difference in how peopleare treated when they come to clinics and hospitals, it's better for them to be prepared. If they know in advance, we willsee peoplein a couple of weeks, four weeks, they can better prepare."

Researcherslooked at seven diseases and 11 countriesover a period of three years, starting in 2010, and comparedpage views on Wikipedia articles about those diseases to official data from health ministries.By looking at readers' habits, theysuccessfully predicted the spreads of influenza in the United States, Poland, Thailand and Japan and dengue in Brazil and Thailand at least28 days in advance.

Official government data -- usually released with a one- or two-week lag time -- lagged four weeks behind Wikipedia reading habits, according to Del Valle; people, she said, are probablyreading about the illnesses they have before heading to the doctor.

But not all the diseases or countries yielded such results; they couldn'tpredict slow-progressing diseases like HIV/AIDS, or diseases with very small numbers of victims, such asEbola (before the current outbreak) in Uganda or the plague in the United States. Seasonal diseases were much easier to forecast using the Wikipedia model.

And the study had other limitations; for instance, researchers used language as a proxy for country (Japanese articles about influenza were used to predict the spread of the disease in Japan). That may work for some languages, but for some more widely spoken ones, like English, it can be trickier.

Even still, researchers were able to accurately predict the spread of influenza in the United States by examining the page views for EnglishWikipedia articles. They hope they can next get country-specific datafrom Wikipedia.

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How Wikipedia reading habits can successfully predict the spread of disease

Forecasting diseases using Wikipedia

PUBLIC RELEASE DATE:

13-Nov-2014

Contact: Dr. Sara Del Valle sdelvall@lanl.gov 505-665-7285 PLOS

Analyzing page views of Wikipedia articles could make it possible to monitor and forecast diseases around the globe, according to research publishing this week in PLOS Computational Biology.

Dr Sara Del Valle and her team from Los Alamos National Laboratory successfully monitored influenza outbreaks in the United States, Poland, Japan and Thailand, dengue fever in Brazil and Thailand, and tuberculosis in China and Thailand.

The team was also able to forecast all but one of these outbreaks (tuberculosis in China) at least 28 days in advance. The results suggest that people start searching for disease-related information on Wikipedia before they seek medical attention.

The paper shows the potential to transfer models across different regions; that is, one can "train" a computer model using public health data in one location and implement the model in another region. For example, researchers could create models using data from Japan to track and forecast disease in Thailand. This is particularly important for countries that do not offer reliable disease data.

Sara Del Valle says: "A global disease-forecasting system will change the way we respond to epidemics. In the same way we check the weather each morning, individuals and public health officials can monitor disease incidence and plan for the future based on today's forecast. The goal of this research is to build an operational disease monitoring and forecasting system with open data and open source code. This paper shows we can achieve that goal."

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All works published in PLOS Computational Biology are Open Access, which means that all content is immediately and freely available. Use this URL in your coverage to provide readers access to the paper upon publication: http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003892

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Forecasting diseases using Wikipedia

Drilon accusers raps based on Wikipedia, whispers

MANILA, PhilippinesThe former Iloilo official who filed a plunder complaint against Senate President Franklin Drilon over the allegedly overpriced P700-million Iloilo Convention Center (ICC) on Thursday admitted he relied on Wikipedia and whispers of architects to back his claims.

Manuel Mejorada told the Senate blue ribbon committee that he had come to unravel a complex fraudulent transaction that led to the violation of the Government Procurement Reform Act.

Reading a prepared statement, Mejorada also alleged that the construction of the P492-million first phase of the project was overpriced.

Monitoring Drilons speeches and statements, the former Iloilo provincial administrator said he had observed the price of the project skyrocket from P300 million to P1 billion.

Do we just swallow it like a bitter pill when we know fully well that government procurement reform places emphasis on reducing costs? he told the hearing where he faced Drilon.

When confronted by senators, Mejorada said that Drilon himself had announced that the building cost P30,000 per square meter at its original price tag of P300 million.

Sen. Antonio Trillanes IV pointed out to Mejorada that at least in the case of the allegedly overpriced P2.28-billion Makati City Hall Building II, there was an acknowledged appraiser.

Online sources

To this, Mejorada responded: Im an investigative journalist. I rely on public records, especially online sources.

Asked for a round figure on the overprice, Mejorada said: The original information that I obtained about the project which was gathered by various sources during the briefing held during the unveiling for Iloilo Convention Center, and its in Wikipedia, too, based on published sources, is 6,400 square meters. Thats what I used in computing that at P679 million to complete phase 1 and 2, this would reach P106,226 per square meter.

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Drilon accusers raps based on Wikipedia, whispers

Redfoo apologises for sexist 'art' after Wikipedia page hack

Redfoo's Wiki page was updated on Thursday. The additional entry was quickly deleted.

The internet is turning against Redfoo, literally.

Since his latest single, Literally I Can't, was released via YouTube a Change.org petition has been launched to have him fired from his mentoring role on Channel 7's X Factor while his Wikipedia page was updated on Thursday to describe the singer as "close to 40 years old but acts like an entitled, irritating child".

*Rapper Redfoo defends 'most sexist song of the year'

Supplied

Under fire: X Factor judge and singer Redfoo is feeling the wrath of the internet for his latest song which has been called "the most sexist song of the year".

*The most sexist and offensive song of the year

The"satirical" song, which is a collaborative effort by a co-op of rappers, has been lambasted online for its derogatory treatment of women due to its lyrics, "You got a big ol' butt, I can tell by the way you walkin', but you annoying me because you're talking ... I said jump on that pole, I didn't need your opinion".

Literally I Can't has also been called the most sexist and offensive song of the year by commentatorsthanks to the simple chorus of "Shut the f--- up" which is repeatedly yelled at a group of uptight looking young women at a party who refuse to drink and decline an offer to engage in "girl on girl" sexual activity.

According to his altered Wiki page, Redfoo, the son of Motown Record Company founder Berry Gordy, Jr, "unfortunately did not inherit any of his father's musical talent and has instead spent the last few years defecating out kitschy, tacky music, set to catchy beats in order to appeal to the lowest common denominator".

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Redfoo apologises for sexist 'art' after Wikipedia page hack