Mediaboss Marketing

Can public health experts tell that an infectious disease outbreak is imminent simply by looking at what people are searching for on Wikipedia? Yes, at least in some cases.

Researchers from Los Alamos National Laboratory were able to make extremely accurate forecasts about the spread of dengue fever in Brazil and flu in the U.S., Japan, Poland and Thailand by examining three years worth of Wikipedia search data. They also came up with moderately success predictions of tuberculosis outbreaks in Thailand and China, and of dengue fevers spread in Thailand.

However, their efforts to anticipate cases of cholera, Ebola, HIV and plague by extrapolating from search data left much to be desired, according to a report published Thursday in the journal PLOS Computational Biology. But the researchers believe their general approach could still work if they use more sophisticated statistics and a more inclusive data set.

Accurate data on the spread of infectious diseases can be culled from a variety of sources. Government agencies typically get it from patient interviews and laboratory test results. Other data sources include calls to 911 lines, emergency room admissions and absences from work or school.

The problem with these methods is that they can be time-consuming and costly. By the time the numbers are crunched, an outbreak may be in full swing.

If you want to stop an outbreak before it starts -- and if you want to save lives and money, you certainly do -- what you need is a forecast that is both accurate and timely. And so the Los Alamos researchers turned to the treasure trove that is Wikipedia.

In addition to the about 30 million articles on topics ranging from quantum foam to the First English Civil War to Kim Kardashian, Wikipedia also collects data on the approximately 850 million search requests it gets each day. In previous studies, researchers have used this publicly available data to predict ticket sales for new movies and the movement of stock prices.

When it comes to health, people have found correlations between interest in certain health topics on Wikipedia and sales of medications. Others have linked searches for flu-related topics by American Wikipedia users to actual flu spread in the U.S.

Five members of the LANLs Defense Systems and Analysis Division thought they could do more. Their goal was to get a read on current and future trends not just for flu in the U.S. but for several diseases in several countries. Ideally, they hoped to come up with a model that could be trained with data from a place where its available and then applied to another place where it wasnt.

The researchers decided to focus on seven diseases (cholera, dengue fever, Ebola, HIV/AIDS, influenza, plague and tuberculosis) in nine countries (Brazil, China, Haiti, Japan, Norway, Poland, Thailand, Uganda and the U.S.). They mixed and matched to get models for 14 location-disease contexts.

Link:
Scientists use Wikipedia search data to forecast spread of flu

Wikipedia page views could, in the future, become an important tool in predicting disease outbreaks, according to the findings of a new studypublished in the journal PLOS Computational Biology. The research, carried out by a group of data scientists from the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, argued that Wikipedia traffic data could also be used to estimatethe current rates of disease outbreaks across the world.

The team of scientists tracked the progress of seven diseases across 11 countries -- using language as an approximate measure for peoples locations -- between 2010 and 2013, and compared page views on Wikipedia articles about those diseases with data obtained from health ministries. Based on this comparison, the researchers found that, in eight out of 14 cases, there was a clear increase in page views nearly a month before an official declaration of an outbreak.

Using this technique, they were able to predict influenza outbreaks in the U.S., Poland, Japan and Thailand, the spread of dengue in Brazil, and a spike in the number of tuberculosis cases in Thailand.

The research was based on the theory that people tend to search online for symptoms of the disease they suspect they have before being officially diagnosed. The researchers claimed that Wikipedia is the best bet to create an Internet-based model to predict outbreaks because data on Wikipedia page views are publicly available.

Using simple statistical techniques, our proof-of-concept experiments suggest that these data are effective for predicting the present, as well as forecasting up to the 28-day limit of our tests. Our results also suggest that these models can be used even in places with no official data upon which to build models, the researchers said, in the paper, adding that the new method could overcome key gaps in existing traditional and internet-based techniques.

Traditional disease surveillance techniques involve collecting data from laboratory tests and tracking the number of visits to health care facilities. The researchers claimed that while these techniques are accurate, they are also slow and expensive.

However, the Wikipedia-based model was not successful in predicting the spread of slow-progressing diseases like HIV/AIDS, according to the paper. Moreover, several scientists also questioned the extent to which the model could be used in areas with poor Internet penetration, or in relation to poorly understood diseases.

I'm not sure how much Wikipedia is used in Africa, Heidi Larson, an anthropologist from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine,told BBC. For issues like Ebola, I don't think people at the beginning of the outbreak in West Africa would have (been searching for it), because they wouldn't have had it (Ebola) before.

Continued here:
Wikipedia-Based Tracking Model Could Predict Disease Outbreaks: Study

People power: Volunteers take part in an all-day Wikipedia edit-a-thon at the Smithsonian American Art Museum last year.

Moscow:Russia's presidential library is to launch its own version of Wikipedia, claiming that the popular web resource contains "untrustworthy" information about the country.

The Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library, named after Russia's first president, said it had already collected 50,000 books and archive documents from regional libraries to start work on its electronic encyclopedia.

"Thus, the creation of an alternative to Wikipedia has begun," the library, which is based in St Petersburg, said in a statement. "Analysis of that resource has shown that it is unable to give detailed and trustworthy information about Russia's regions and the life of the country."

It was unclear what information on Wikipedia the library deemed unreliable and calls to its spokesman went unanswered on Friday.

Advertisement

The new resource would "objectively and accurately show the country and its population, and the diversity of the state and national structure of Russia", according to the library statement.

Wikipedia was launched by the American entrepreneurs Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger in 2001. According to its own estimates, as of February this year, it had 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors each month.

A key principle of Wikipedia is that users can create accounts and participate in writing and editing themed entries.

According to the presidential library, which was established by Vladimir Putin, the current president, and opened in 2008, the encyclopedia would be "open for constant renewal and update" but it was unclear whether it would allow reader participation in editing. There was controversy in July when a Twitter bot - a software application that runs automated tasks - tracked an account linked to Russian state television changing a Wikipedia entry on the MH17 plane crash to say it was "shot down by Ukrainian soldiers".

See the original post:
Russia to launch its alternative to Wikipedia

Russias presidential library is to launch its own version of Wikipedia, claiming the popular web resource contains untrustworthy information about the country.

The Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library, named after Russias first president, said it had already collected 50,000 books and archive documents from regional libraries in order to start work on its electronic encyclopedia.

Thus, the creation of an alternative to Wikipedia has begun, the library, which is based in St Petersburg, said in a statement. Analysis of that resource has shown that it is unable to give detailed and trustworthy information about Russias regions and the life of the country.

It was unclear what information on Wikipedia the library deemed unreliable and calls to its spokesman went answered on Friday. The new resource would objectively and accurately show the country and its population, and the diversity of the state and national structure of Russia, it said.

Wikipedia was launched by American entrepreneurs Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger in 2001. According to its own page on the resource, as of February this year it had 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors each month.

A key principle of Wikipedia is that users can create accounts and participate in writing and editing themed entries.

The presidential library, which was established by Vladimir Putin, the current president, and opened in 2008, said the encyclopedia would be "open for constant renewal and update" but it was unclear whether it would allow reader participation in editing.

There was controversy in July when a Twitter bot tracked an account linked to Russian state television changing a Wikipedia entry on the MH17 plane crash to say it was shot down by Ukrainian soldiers.

In 2012, Wikipedia closed down its Russian language pages for a day in protest at a bill giving the state rights to block access to blacklisted websites.

The Russian encyclopaedia was "expected to become one of the most in-demand resources on the Runet", the presidential library said.

View original post here:
Russian library to launch web rival to 'untrustworthy' Wikipedia

Wyoming i// is a state in the mountain region of the Western United States. Wyoming is the 10th most extensive, but the least populous and the second least densely populated of the 50 United States. The western two thirds of the state is covered mostly with the mountain ranges and rangelands in the foothills of the Eastern Rocky Mountains, while the eastern third of the state is high elevation prairie known as the High Plains. Cheyenne is the capital and the most populous city in Wyoming, with a population estimate of 62,448 in 2013.

As specified in the designating legislation for the Territory of Wyoming, Wyoming's borders are lines of latitude, 41N and 45N, and longitude, 1043'W and 1113'W (27 W and 34 W of the Washington Meridian), making the shape of the state a latitude-longitude quadrangle.[5] Wyoming is one of only three states (along with Colorado and Utah) to have borders along only straight latitudinal and longitudinal lines, rather than being defined by natural landmarks. Due to surveying inaccuracies during the 19th century, Wyoming's legal border deviates from the true latitude and longitude lines by up to half of a mile (0.8km) in some spots, especially in the mountainous region along the 45th parallel.[6] Wyoming is bordered on the north by Montana, on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the south by Colorado, on the southwest by Utah, and on the west by Idaho. It is the tenth largest state in the United States in total area, containing 97,814 square miles (253,340km2) and is made up of 23 counties. From the north border to the south border it is 276 miles (444km);[7] and from the east to the west border is 365 miles (587km) at its south end and 342 miles (550km) at the north end.

The Great Plains meet the Rocky Mountains in Wyoming. The state is a great plateau broken by many mountain ranges. Surface elevations range from the summit of Gannett Peak in the Wind River Mountain Range, at 13,804 feet (4,207m), to the Belle Fourche River valley in the states northeast corner, at 3,125 feet (952m). In the northwest are the Absaroka, Owl Creek, Gros Ventre, Wind River and the Teton ranges. In the north central are the Big Horn Mountains; in the northeast, the Black Hills; and in the southern region the Laramie, Snowy and Sierra Madre ranges.

The Snowy Range in the south central part of the state is an extension of the Colorado Rockies in both geology and appearance. The Wind River Range in the west central part of the state is remote and includes more than 40 mountain peaks in excess of 13,000ft (4,000m) tall in addition to Gannett Peak, the highest peak in the state. The Big Horn Mountains in the north central portion are somewhat isolated from the bulk of the Rocky Mountains.

The Teton Range in the northwest extends for 50 miles (80km), part of which is included in Grand Teton National Park. The park includes the Grand Teton, the second highest peak in Wyoming.

The Continental Divide spans north-south across the central portion of the state. Rivers east of the divide drain into the Missouri River Basin and eventually the Gulf of Mexico. They are the North Platte, Wind, Big Horn and the Yellowstone rivers. The Snake River in northwest Wyoming eventually drains into the Columbia River and the Pacific Ocean, as does the Green River through the Colorado River Basin.

The continental divide forks in the south central part of the state in an area known as the Great Divide Basin where the waters that flow or precipitate into this area remain there and cannot flow to any ocean. Instead, because of the overall aridity of Wyoming, water in the Great Divide Basin simply sinks into the soil or evaporates.

Several rivers begin or flow through the state, including the Yellowstone River, Bighorn River, Green River, and the Snake River.

Wyoming has 32 named islands, of which the majority are located in Jackson Lake and Yellowstone Lake within Yellowstone National Park in the northwest portion of the state. Green River in the southwest also contains a number of islands.

More than 48% of the land in Wyoming is owned by the U.S. government, leading Wyoming to rank sixth in the U.S. in total acres and fifth in percentage of a state's land owned by the federal government.[8] This amounts to about 30,099,430 acres (121,808.1km2) owned and managed by the U.S. government. The state government owns an additional 6% of all Wyoming lands, or another 3,864,800 acres (15,640km2).[8]

See more here:
Wyoming - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia