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Censorship is the suppression or deletion of material, which may be considered objectionable, harmful or sensitive, as determined by a censor.
Typically censorship is done by governments, religious and secular groups, corporations, or the mass media, although other forms of censorship exist. The withholding of classified information, commercial secrets, intellectual property, and privileged lawyer-client communication is not usually described as censorship within the censoring community, though can be by outside observers. The term "censorship" often carries with it a sense of untoward, inappropriate or repressive secrecy.
Censorship is closely related to the concept of freedom of speech. It is often associated with human rights abuse, dictatorship, and repression.
The term "censorship" is often used as a pejorative term to signify a belief that a group controlling certain information is using this control improperly or for its own benefit, or preventing others from accessing information that should be made readily accessible (often so that conclusions drawn can be verified).
The rationale for censorship is different for various types of data censored. Censorship is defined as the act or practice of removing obscene, vulgar, and highly objectionable material from things we encounter every day. Whether it is on TV, in music, books, or on the Internet censorship is an inescapable part of our lives. There are five main types of censorship:
In wartime, explicit censorship is carried out with the intent of preventing the release of information that might be useful to an enemy. Typically it involves keeping times or locations secret, or delaying the release of information (e.g., an operational objective) until it is of no possible use to enemy forces. The moral issues here are often seen as somewhat different, as release of tactical information usually presents a greater risk of casualties among one's own forces and could possibly lead to loss of the overall conflict. During World War I letters written by British soldiers would have to go through censorship. This consisted of officers going through letters with a black marker and crossing out anything which might compromise operational secrecy before the letter was sent. The World War II catchphrase "Loose lips sink ships" was used as a common justification to exercise official wartime censorship and encourage individual restraint when sharing potentially sensitive information.
An example of sanitization policies comes from the USSR under Joseph Stalin, where publicly used photographs were often altered to remove people whom Stalin had condemned to execution. Though past photographs may have been remembered or kept, this deliberate and systematic alteration to all of history in the public mind is seen as one of the central themes of Stalinism and totalitarianism.
The content of school textbooks is often the issue of debate, since their target audience is young people, and the term "whitewashing" is the one commonly used to refer to selective removal of critical or damaging evidence or comment. The reporting of military atrocities in history is extremely controversial, as in the case of the Nanking Massacre, the Holocaust (or Holocaust denial), and the Winter Soldier Investigation of the Vietnam War. The representation of every society's flaws or misconduct is typically downplayed in favor of a more nationalist, favorable or patriotic view.
Religious groups have at times attempted to block the teaching of evolution in publicly-funded schools as it contradicts their religious beliefs or have argued that they are being censored if not allowed to teach creationism. The teaching of sexual education in school and the inclusion of information about sexual health and contraceptive practices in school textbooks is another area where suppression of information occurs.
In the context of secondary-school education, the way facts and history are presented greatly influences the interpretation of contemporary thought, opinion and socialization. One argument for censoring the type of information disseminated is based on the inappropriate quality of such material for the young. The use of the "inappropriate" distinction is in itself controversial, as it can lead to a slippery slope enforcing wider and more politically-motivated censorship. Some artists such as Frank Zappa helped in the protest against censorship. Although they usually failed, they did put up an argument against the censorship of other material.
An example of such censorship is, ironically, Fahrenheit 451. The book was themed against censorship, but changed heavily. A Ballantine Books version which is the version used by most school classes[2] contained approximately 75 separate edits, omissions, and changes from the original Bradbury manuscript.[clarify]
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Scientific studies may be suppressed or falsified because they undermine sponsors' commercial, political or other interests or because they fail to support researchers' ideological goals. Examples include, failing to publish a study which shows that a new drug is harmful, or truthfully publishing the benefits of a treatment while failing to describe harmful side-effects. Scientific research may also be suppressed or altered to support a political agenda. In the United States some government scientists, including NASA climatologist Drew Shindell, have reported governmental pressure to alter their statements regarding climate change.[3]
American musicians such as Frank Zappa have repeatedly protested against censorship in music and pushed for more freedom of expression. In 1986, Zappa appeared on CNN's Crossfire to protest censorship of lyrics in rock music, saying that harm will be done or unrest caused if controversial information, lyrics, or other messages are promulgated.
In countries like Sudan, Afghanistan and China, violations of musicians rights to freedom of expression are commonplace. In the USA and Algeria, lobbying groups have succeeded in keeping popular music off the concert stage, and out of the media and retail. In ex-Yugoslavia musicians are often pawns in political dramas, and the possibility of free expression has been adversely affected.
Music censorship has been implemented by states, religions, educational systems, families, retailers and lobbying groups and in most cases they violate international conventions of human rights.[5]
Copy approval is the right to read and amend an article, usually an interview, before publication. Many publications refuse to give copy approval but it is increasingly becoming common practice when dealing with publicity anxious celebrities.[6] Picture approval is the right given to an individual to choose which photos will be published and which will not. Robert Redford is well known for insisting upon picture approval.[7] Writer approval is when writers are chosen based on whether they will write flattering articles or not. Hollywood publicist Pat Kingsley is known for banning certain writers who wrote undesirably about one of her clients from interviewing any of her other clients.[7]
Censorship is regarded among a majority of academics in the Western world as a typical feature of dictatorships and other authoritarian political systems. Democratic nations are represented, especially among Western government, academic and media commentators, as having somewhat less institutionalized censorship, and as instead promoting the importance of freedom of speech. The former Soviet Union maintained a particularly extensive program of state-imposed censorship. The main organ for official censorship in the Soviet Union was the Chief Agency for Protection of Military and State Secrets generally known as the Glavlit, its Russian acronym. The Glavlit handled censorship matters arising from domestic writings of just about any kind even beer and vodka labels. Glavlit censorship personnel were present in every large Soviet publishing house or newspaper; the agency employed some 70,000 censors to review information before it was disseminated by publishing houses, editorial offices, and broadcasting studios. No mass medium escaped Glavlit's control. All press agencies and radio and television stations had Glavlit representatives on their editorial staffs.
Some thinkers understand censorship to include other attempts to suppress points of view or the exploitation of negative propaganda, media manipulation, spin, disinformation or "free speech zones." These methods tend to work by disseminating preferred information, by relegating open discourse to marginal forums, and by preventing other ideas from obtaining a receptive audience.
Sometimes, a specific and unique information whose very existence is barely known to the public, is kept in a subtle, near-censorship situation, being regarded as subversive or inconvenient. Michel Foucaults 1978 text Sexual Morality and the Law (later republished as "The Danger of Child Sexuality"), for instance - originally published as La loi de la pudeur [literally, the law of decency], defends the decriminalization of statutory rape and the abolition of age of consent laws,[8] and as of July 2006, is almost totally invisible throughout the internet, both in English and French, and does not appear even on Foucault-specialized websites.
Suppression of access to the means of dissemination of ideas can function as a form of censorship. Such suppression has been alleged to arise from the policies of governmental bodies, such as the FDA and FCC in the United States of America, the CRTC in Canada, newspapers that refuse to run commentary the publisher disagrees with, lecture halls that refuse to rent themselves out to a particular speaker, and individuals who refuse to finance such a lecture. The omission of selected voices in the content of stories also serves to limit the spread of ideas, and is often called censorship. Such omission can result, for example, from persistent failure or refusal by media organizations to contact criminal defendants (relying solely on official sources for explanations of crime). Censorship has been alleged to occur in such media policies as blurring the boundaries between hard news and news commentary, and in the appointment of allegedly biased commentators, such as a former government attorney, to serve as anchors of programs labeled as hard news but comprising primarily commentary.
The focusing of news stories to exclude questions that might be of interest to some audience segments, such as the avoidance of reporting cumulative casualty rates among citizens of a nation that is the target or site of a foreign war, or the values of natural methods in the prevention, treatment, and curing of disease, is often described as a form of censorship. Favorable representation in news or information services of preferred products or services, such as reporting on leisure travel and comparative values of various machines instead of on leisure activities such as arts, crafts or gardening has been described by some as a means of censoring ideas about the latter in favor of the former.
Self-censorship: Imposed on the media in a free market by market/cultural forces rather than a censoring authority. This occurs when it is more profitable for the media to give a biased view.
In this form of censorship, any information about existence of censorship and the legal basis of the censorship is censored. Rules of censoring were classified. Removed texts or phrases were not marked.[clarify]
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In this form of censorship, censors rewrite texts, giving these texts secret co-authors.[clarify]
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Under US law, the First Amendment protects free speech and freedom of the press to some degree. Radio broadcasts are under constant scrutiny. This amendment does not mention many things, one being obscenity (a term usually applied to sexual material), but the common interpretation ignores this aspect using the argument that there is no social value deemed applicable to it. This applies only to the government and government entities; private corporations are under no such restriction.
Main article: Censorship of maps
Google Earth censors places which may be of special security concern. The following is a selection of such concerns:
Censorship in the Internet - In January 2007, a Brazilian Supreme Court judge issued an order to Brasil Telecom and Telefonica preventing public access to an intimate video of model Daniela Cicarelli and her boyfriend Renato Malzonithe on the YouTube site. Cicarelli and Malzoni had sued YouTube the previous year and got an injunction for the removal of the video, but it was still appearing. YouTube staff were eventually able to prevent the video from appearing on their site.[9]
Wikipedia itself is unavailable to Internet servers in certain countries, such as Iran, China, and North Korea, due to Internet censorship. [10]
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Censorship | Psychology Wiki | FANDOM powered by Wikia
- America Is No Longer the Home of the Free Internet - The Atlantic - January 19th, 2025 [January 19th, 2025]
- Call for censorship culture to end as Unity Mitfords German diary is revealed - The Guardian - January 19th, 2025 [January 19th, 2025]
- Banning TikTok enables online censorship - Freedom of the Press Foundation - January 19th, 2025 [January 19th, 2025]
- Zuckerbergs conservative pivot fogs our understanding of censorship - Kansas Reflector - January 19th, 2025 [January 19th, 2025]
- The TikTok ban isnt about national security its censorship and government control - The Hill - January 19th, 2025 [January 19th, 2025]
- How the Trump administration threatens internet freedoms - Al Jazeera English - January 19th, 2025 [January 19th, 2025]
- Censorship or common sense? - Editor And Publisher Magazine - January 19th, 2025 [January 19th, 2025]
- TikTok refugees flock to another (heavily censored) Chinese app - The Washington Post - January 19th, 2025 [January 19th, 2025]
- Bill Burr on Adapting His Ahole Vibe, Wanting a Hostile Crowd for New Hulu Special and How a Rabbi Changed His Perspective on Censorship (EXCLUSIVE) -... - January 19th, 2025 [January 19th, 2025]
- In Russia, Reading Can Be Harmful To Your Health - Air Mail - January 19th, 2025 [January 19th, 2025]
- The Media Is Giving Away Its Rights Even Before Trump Tries to Take Them - The Nation - January 19th, 2025 [January 19th, 2025]
- How Trumps Return Is Pushing the Media to Self-Censor - Mother Jones - January 19th, 2025 [January 19th, 2025]
- From Russia to the EU: The high stakes of Metas content moderation shift - Global Voices - January 19th, 2025 [January 19th, 2025]
- Meta is getting rid of fact checkers. Zuckerberg acknowledged more harmful content will appear on the platforms now - CNN International - January 9th, 2025 [January 9th, 2025]
- Mark Zuckerbergs excuse for ending fact-checking program is a hoax, say experts: It is a lie that we are censors - EL PAS USA - January 9th, 2025 [January 9th, 2025]
- Legislative Efforts Heat Up on Book, Curricular Censorship Attempts | Censorship News - School Library Journal - January 9th, 2025 [January 9th, 2025]
- Ok, Zuck: So You Say You're Going To Stop Censoring Conservatives; Call Me Skeptical | Tomi Lahren - Outkick - January 9th, 2025 [January 9th, 2025]
- Meta follows Musks lead on censorship but ad industry keeps its distance from panic - Digiday - January 9th, 2025 [January 9th, 2025]
- How games might be the key to avoiding digital censorship - EurekAlert - January 9th, 2025 [January 9th, 2025]
- The tyranny of woke censorship is finally over and its all thanks to Donald Trump - The Telegraph - January 9th, 2025 [January 9th, 2025]
- If Supreme Court upholds TikTok ban, U.S. will see first-of-its-kind act of censorship | Opinion - Sacramento Bee - January 9th, 2025 [January 9th, 2025]
- Disney under pressure from conservative shareholders to disavow ad censorship - Washington Times - January 9th, 2025 [January 9th, 2025]
- Meta is Getting Rid of Fact-Checkers to Reduce Censorship on Facebook and Instagram - PetaPixel - January 9th, 2025 [January 9th, 2025]
- Mark Zuckerberg's Meta is moving moderators from California to Texas to combat concerns about bias and censorship - Business Insider - January 9th, 2025 [January 9th, 2025]
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- Is the end of the Big Tech industrial censorship upon us? - The Spectator World - January 9th, 2025 [January 9th, 2025]
- Dont let Facebook off the hook for its pro-censorship past so easily - New York Post - January 9th, 2025 [January 9th, 2025]
- Mark Zuckerberg rolls back Meta censorship ahead of Donald Trump's return to White House - Washington Times - January 9th, 2025 [January 9th, 2025]
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- Is this the end of the Big Tech censorship industrial complex? - The Spectator - January 9th, 2025 [January 9th, 2025]
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- Facebook Reverses Course On Censorship, Plus Is The Left Driven By Empathy Or Hate? with Dr. Gad Saad | Will Cain Show - Fox News - January 9th, 2025 [January 9th, 2025]
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- Social Media Companies Face Global Tug-of-War Over Free Speech - The New York Times - January 1st, 2025 [January 1st, 2025]
- Elon Musk accused of censoring right-wing X accounts who disagree with him on immigration - Sky News - January 1st, 2025 [January 1st, 2025]
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- Conservatives Score Major Victory Against D.C. Censorship Cartel - AMAC Official Website - Join and Explore the Benefits - January 1st, 2025 [January 1st, 2025]
- Deepseek's V3 is the latest example of state-controlled censorship in Chinese LLMs - THE DECODER - January 1st, 2025 [January 1st, 2025]
- How the Left Will Defend Its Censorship Regime Against Trump - Daily Signal - January 1st, 2025 [January 1st, 2025]
- Media outlets say censor barring them from reporting on reason PMs testimony put off - The Times of Israel - December 18th, 2024 [December 18th, 2024]
- Are UT faculty hiding their political beliefs due to fear? Here's what a survey found. - Austin American-Statesman - December 18th, 2024 [December 18th, 2024]
- Book censorship is rife on Amazon.com, according to a report from The Citizen Lab - Index on Censorship - December 18th, 2024 [December 18th, 2024]
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- Exclusive | Republican Sen. Eric Schmitt unveils bill demanding fed watchdogs keep Congress in the loop on censorship by agencies - New York Post - December 14th, 2024 [December 14th, 2024]
- Can you define pornography? Neither can the government. - ACLU - December 14th, 2024 [December 14th, 2024]
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- Kyle Sammin: Survey reveals the worrying trends of self-censorship among UPenn and Penn State faculty - Broad + Liberty - December 12th, 2024 [December 12th, 2024]
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- New Jersey Governor Signs Freedom to Read Bill into Law | Censorship News - School Library Journal - December 12th, 2024 [December 12th, 2024]
- Letters: Why it's better to have no library than a than a censored one - NOLA.com - December 12th, 2024 [December 12th, 2024]
- New Jersey Protects the Freedom to Read With New Law Against Book Banning - newsbreaks.infotoday.com - December 12th, 2024 [December 12th, 2024]
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- Watch the Surrealist Glass Harmonica, the Only Animated Film Ever Banned by Soviet Censors (1968) - Open Culture - December 12th, 2024 [December 12th, 2024]
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- China's People Deserve the TruthNot Censorship | Opinion - Newsweek - November 26th, 2024 [November 26th, 2024]
- Australia withdraws a misinformation bill after critics compare it to censorship - ABC News - November 26th, 2024 [November 26th, 2024]
- CPJ, 24 other organizations release report on state censorship in the Americas - Committee to Protect Journalists - November 26th, 2024 [November 26th, 2024]
- Socratic Stage: The Governments Role in the Censorship Industry - New College of Florida - November 26th, 2024 [November 26th, 2024]
- Meet the American who helped ruin Albanese Government's censorship plan - Daily Mail - November 26th, 2024 [November 26th, 2024]
- It's Time To Stand Up to Educational Censorship | Opinion - Newsweek - November 26th, 2024 [November 26th, 2024]
- Russian director on Deaf Lovers PFF controversy: Censorship is the biggest threat to art in our world - Screen International - November 26th, 2024 [November 26th, 2024]
- Protecting kids online or social media censorship?: The push for and against the Kids Online Safety Act - Belgrade News - November 26th, 2024 [November 26th, 2024]
- My brush with censorship and what is coming - AlterNet - November 26th, 2024 [November 26th, 2024]