The liberal order is already dead – UnHerd
In the summer of 1990, I stood where the wall had been and wondered at what had happened to Europe. I wasnt alone: the rest of the city, the rest of the continent, was wondering too.
I was 18 years old, interrailing around Europe with a friend to see what the world looked like beyond our provincial English town, and I had accidentally wandered into a pivot point in history. In the divided German capital, less than a year before, World War Two had finally come to an end, with no shots fired.
The joy was palpable everywhere. By the time my friend and I got to the Brandenburg Gate, half of the wall had already been chipped into bite-sized pieces, which were being sold to tourists by enterprising locals, along with suddenly useless Soviet army uniforms, military passbooks and the helmets of East German border guards. Marxism hadnt been dead a year, and the market economy was already booming.The world, or the little part of it that I knew, had suddenly changed shape entirely.
Everyone of my generation grew up with the Cold War hanging over them. The possibility of nuclear armageddon was as ever-present for teenagers then as climate change is today: we didnt think about it much, but it was the background hum of our lives. Nobody thought the Russians would invade, really, but there didnt seem much chance of them going away either. There was always a chance of their tanks rolling across some border somewhere, or so the Americans kept telling us. Plus a change.
This was just the way the world was: the free West and the unfree East. If you didnt believe that story, then one look at the wall, the barbed wire, the machine gun towers and the fate of those who tried to cross the death strip from East to West would make you think again.
And then, just like that, communism fell. This system that was supposed to free the people from exploitation and oppression, but had quickly become a monster itself. We didnt know what was coming next. But from todays perspective we can see that the fall of the East ushered in a new era.
After the wall would come a unipolar world, dominated by finance capital, overseen by the United States of America, the last empire standing. Its architects told us we were entering a long age of benign globalisation, in which free markets, human rights and democracy would spread around the world as naturally as the sun rose in the morning. The future would be free, open, liberal, prosperous and, well, American.
30 years later, we live in a world in which most Russians have apositive view of Stalin, and their current leader is mustering the biggest army since Soviet times on the border of a neighbouring state. The once-free-ish West is boiling in a stew of hate speech laws, vaccine mandates and ever-accelerating censorship and intolerance. Populists continue to barrack and harass its leaders, who still have no idea what to do about it: witness Justin Trudeau running away from the big scary men in their lorries. The last global empire is led by a confused octogenarian, and within a few years the biggest economy in the world will be a communist dictatorship. We didnt see that one coming back in 1990.
Remembering the rubble strewn across Potsdamer Platz, its hard not to miss the End of History. In those halcyon days, I thought I lived in something called the free world. The liberal West was supposed to be the point on which the arc of history converged. We wanted it to be true, that story, but history has a habit of rolling on, and people dont change, not really. Im just grateful to have been there.
Looking back, we can see that what happened when the wall fell was not the triumph of freedom over oppression so much as the defeat of one Western ideology by another. The one that came through was the oldest, subtlest and longest-lasting, one which disguised itself so well that we didnt know it was an ideology at all: liberalism.
This was the thesis of Patrick Deneens 2018 book Why Liberalism Failed, written before the populist wave of 2016, and perhaps the most reliable guide to the world we live in now. In his telling, liberalism was one of three ideologies that dominated the world over the last three centuries. The other two communism and fascism were shorter lived, and died in the West in the twentieth century. Liberalism the elder brother is only dying now. One reason for its comparatively long life is that it piggybacked on older stories, presenting itself as the inheritor of established traditions of liberty when in fact it was something quite different.
The ideology of liberalism has, since it emerged from the Enlightenment, claimed to liberate the individual from oppression. In practice it has manifested as the process of breaking all borders, limits and structures: of bringing down walls. The societies we have built around this way of seeing claim freedomforthe individualfromsociety itself, and proffer a radical notion of human nature. Rather than seeing humans as hefted creatures, rooted in time and place, liberalism offered a new conception: detached, sovereign personhood. Humans were now rights-bearing individuals who could fashion and pursue for themselves their own version of the good life.
What is crucial to understand and this is what makes liberalism an ideology is that in order for the liberal world to come into being, it needed to becreated. Just as Marxist regimes attempted to destroy the traditional family, the church and private land ownership so that communism could materialise, so liberalism did not naturally evolve from previously existing arrangements. It needed to artificially create the sovereign individual from new cloth.
After the trauma of the Reformation, the Western nation-state took over the functions of the ailing Church, colonising for itself the sense of sacredness and obedience once demanded by religion. In thismigration of the holyour religious sensibility was redirected from its proper focus towards worldly political constructions, and this in turn laid the ground for the revolutions of the modern age.
Each of these upheavals, whether inJacobin France, Marxist Russia or Nazi Germany, failed to create the promised utopias. But they did have the effect of clearing away the traditional structures of the pre-modern era. And into the void rushed industrial capitalism the system which G. K. Chesterton called themonster that grows in deserts with its sensibility of control, measurement, utility and profit. Liberalism was, and remains, its nursemaid and press officer.
Liberalism, like its competitor ideologies, is in this waytotalitarian: ruthless and all-encompassing. But it outlasted its rivals because it promised not tyranny and order, but the messiness of a certain kind of freedom. At the height of the liberal age, in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, individual human freedom was indeed possible in the West as it had never been before. Humans, or some of them, could detach themselves from their backgrounds and origins and seek something new, and plenty of us did. Openly tyrannical government became harder to sustain, oligarchies were required to subject themselves to regular plebiscites to sustain their power, previously ignored groups in society clamoured for access to its heartlands, the rule of law protected the poor as well as the rich, and capitalisms Luciferic power created previously unheard of levels of wealth, as well as grinding poverty.
But in liberalisms very success lay the seeds of its failure. The project of liberating the individual from his or her networks of loyalty, locality, family and culture, and the unleashing of the vast destabilising engine of capitalism, created a social instability which could only be controlled or directed by the last institution standing: the State.
An ideology premised on protecting and promoting the freedom of the individual led to the era of unprecedented state power we live in today. Governments now claim the right to direct our speech patterns, regulate our lives and businesses to increasingly radical degrees, shut down whole societies in the name of public health, and even legislate for acceptable and unacceptable attitudes and opinions.
The cultural ructions of todays West the cancellations and contradictions, the screaming matches over race, gender, history and identity all of this is the manifestation not of liberalisms failure but of its success. The progressives who are aggressively cramming identity politics into every crevice of society have met with resistance from many self-professed liberals.These woke radicals,they cry,are destroying our culture with their fanaticism! We need to return to classical liberalism! But culture wars happen when no real culture remains; and 200 years of classical liberalism, manifested in the economic and the cultural spheres, have seen to that.
This is the legacy of an ideology which has been championed for centuries by both Left and Right. We have all become islands of self-definition, and we see now where that leads. A society premised on freedom becomes daily more fearful and closed. A society which boasts of its diversity becomes daily more homogenous. We can invent our own gender at will, and yet genuine individuals are in short supply, old-fashioned eccentricity is positively persecuted and originality has become career-ending. The Internet has enabled self-expression on a previously unimagined scale, and the result has been violent groupthink. The self, it turns out, mostly doesnt have much to say.
But theres more. Liberal ideology, as well as redesigning culture, must also redesign nature. In all the discussions of liberalism and its discontents that weve seen in the last few years, few seriously consider the power source that allowed the liberal age to conquer all before it: fossil fuels.
Without steamships, cars, planes, factories, supermarkets, modern roads, the Internet, the smartphone, the project of liberation would have been much less far-reaching. Fossil-fuelled liberalism allowed people to abandon place-based community, and to create for themselves an individual identity in an isolated but free kingdom of the self. But as the historian Dipesh Chakrabarty puts it, the mansion of modern freedoms stands on an ever-expanding base of fossil fuel use. Everything from mass democracy to feminism to multiculturalism to human rights floats on a vast bubble of fossil energy: . Nothing about the modern West could exist at all without vast concentrations of fossil energy: a fact of which Mr Putin is well aware.
Liberalism, like modernity itself, requires a war against nature; but it is a war that can never be won. As the climate shifts in response, the excesses of liberalism, and the project of self-creation it enabled, will not be possible. We will no longer be able to outsource our muscles or our minds to technology. We will need each other again whether we like it or not.
So what comes after liberalism? The question has filled plenty of column inches in recent years, but the Covid years have brought into sharp relief the likely future we face. In Why Liberalism Failed, Deneen predicts that two post-liberal worlds are on offer: a future of self-limitation, in which people choose to practice self-governance in local communities, or a future in which extreme licence coexists with extreme oppression.
I know which Id prefer, but I also know which looks most likely. As extreme individualism deepens, and an all-powerful state intervenes ever more deeply and widely to manage the resulting fragmentation, Western democracies show every sign of transforming openly into authoritarian oligarchies in which dissent especially dissent aimed at liberalism itself is ruthlessly suppressed by politicians who claim to represent the people. The vast bulks of those stationary Canadian trucks are currently the perfect symbol of this process.
The immediate future looks to me like the grinding down of what previous norms remain, and the parallel expansion of the State-corporate leviathan to both mop up the resulting mess and profit from it. That in turn will generate more populist (i.e. anti-liberal) reaction from both Left and Right and neither, and a consequent deepening of repression and propaganda from the besieged minority defending the remains of the liberal order. All of this will take place in the context of a planet with nearly ten billion people on it, hitting economic and ecological limits on all sides.
It seems likely to me that the liberal era will end much as the communist one did: flailing and corrupt, hiding behind walls of its own making, its leaders in denial but its people increasingly open-eyed. Perhaps the Russians wont roll into Ukraine and spell the end of the vaunted liberal order, but its end seems to have been baked in from the beginning. All ideologies are based on a view of human nature that looks better on paper than in the confusing mess of the world, and the one we grew up with was no exception. No man, as John Donne had it, is an island. Now we see how right he was.
A version of this essay was first published at The Abbey of Misrule.
Read more:
The liberal order is already dead - UnHerd
- Zohran Mamdani Has a Disgusting Personality Flaw That's Even Worse Than Loving Communism and Hamas - freebeacon.com - July 10th, 2025 [July 10th, 2025]
- Communism Meets Reincarnation? How China Is Trying To Pick The Next Dalai Lama - Worldcrunch - July 4th, 2025 [July 4th, 2025]
- The Secret Committee That Persecuted Black and Gay People In the Name of Fighting Communism - CrimeReads - July 4th, 2025 [July 4th, 2025]
- Communism For New York Grocery Stores - AM 870 The ANSWER - July 2nd, 2025 [July 2nd, 2025]
- Christianity, Islam and communism and the global conquest - The Hans India - June 29th, 2025 [June 29th, 2025]
- New York turns to full-blown Communism - Schiff Sovereign - June 28th, 2025 [June 28th, 2025]
- Trkiye's answer to Disco Elysium just broke cover, featuring more lawyers, fewer cops, an indeterminate amount of communism and twin fistfuls of guilt... - June 28th, 2025 [June 28th, 2025]
- A Cuban woman surprises the President of Madrid in Miami: I am here because of communism. - CiberCuba - June 24th, 2025 [June 24th, 2025]
- The essence of revolutionary communism: new introduction to the 'Classics of Marxism' - In Defence of Marxism - June 22nd, 2025 [June 22nd, 2025]
- Elicer vila and Destino exchange fire on social media: "Those of us who fled communism value the freedom of the U.S." - CiberCuba - June 22nd, 2025 [June 22nd, 2025]
- The progressive "West" and the ghost of monarchy - In Defense of Communism - June 20th, 2025 [June 20th, 2025]
- 39th Congress of the Communist Party of Sweden (SKP): Statements on Palestine and the Ukraine War - In Defense of Communism - June 20th, 2025 [June 20th, 2025]
- First Nations are mired in 'soft communism.' This leader has the fix - National Post - June 20th, 2025 [June 20th, 2025]
- Reactions by Communist Parties on Israel-Iran War - In Defense of Communism - June 20th, 2025 [June 20th, 2025]
- Czech Blog: Wine and War A Glimpse Into the Legacies of Communism - Global Atlanta - June 14th, 2025 [June 14th, 2025]
- Communist Party of Israel and Hadash stand against Netanyahu government's attack on Iran - In Defense of Communism - June 14th, 2025 [June 14th, 2025]
- Anticommunism in Kyrgyzstan: The world's largest monument dedicated to Lenin to be dismantled - In Defense of Communism - June 10th, 2025 [June 10th, 2025]
- Communism Survivor on Revoking Chinese Student Visas: Beware the Enemy Within - NTD News - June 1st, 2025 [June 1st, 2025]
- The specter of communism still looms over the Balkans - The Spectator Australia - June 1st, 2025 [June 1st, 2025]
- Campus Communism: How the CCP Compromised Harvard and US Higher Education - Hudson Institute - May 30th, 2025 [May 30th, 2025]
- How the Portuguese Communist Party assesses the negative electoral result of 18 May - In Defense of Communism - May 30th, 2025 [May 30th, 2025]
- The shadow of communism still looms over the Balkans - The Spectator - May 30th, 2025 [May 30th, 2025]
- Texas House Advances Bill Requiring Schools to Teach History and 'Atrocities' of Communism - The Texan - May 24th, 2025 [May 24th, 2025]
- Bill teaching children dangers of communism passed in the Texas House - Washington Examiner - May 24th, 2025 [May 24th, 2025]
- Communists in Greece block trucks with ammunition heading to Ukraine - In Defense of Communism - May 24th, 2025 [May 24th, 2025]
- Communist Party of India (Marxist) condemns the killing of 27 Maoists by state forces in Chhattisgarh - In Defense of Communism - May 24th, 2025 [May 24th, 2025]
- Dr Oz Ridiculed for Urging Parents to Feed Their Kids 'Real Food': 'When Michelle Obama Said This It Was Communism' - Latin Times - May 24th, 2025 [May 24th, 2025]
- Bill to teach Texas kids the dangers of communism but not fascism OK'd by House - WOAI - May 22nd, 2025 [May 22nd, 2025]
- Bill to teach Texas kids the dangers of communism but not fascism OK'd by House - The Texas Tribune - May 22nd, 2025 [May 22nd, 2025]
- Poland: Don Streich, another victim of communism, will be beatified - Exaudi - May 22nd, 2025 [May 22nd, 2025]
- Can degrowth communism save the world? - resilience.org - May 19th, 2025 [May 19th, 2025]
- "You blocked the system": A Cuban asks a robot with artificial intelligence when communism will fall in Cuba, and this is what it said -... - May 19th, 2025 [May 19th, 2025]
- Joint statement by the KKE, AKEL, PCP and KSM in the European Parliament against anti-communist initiative - In Defense of Communism - May 17th, 2025 [May 17th, 2025]
- The Pope Who Foresaw the Horrors of Communism - RealClearMarkets - May 17th, 2025 [May 17th, 2025]
- Communist Party of Turkey: NATO Foreign Ministers are unwelcome in Antalya! - In Defense of Communism - May 17th, 2025 [May 17th, 2025]
- East vs west? Romanias biggest vote since the fall of communism - Channel 4 - May 17th, 2025 [May 17th, 2025]
- Nazi collaborator's name initially engraved on the Victims of Communism memorial - Yahoo News Canada - May 17th, 2025 [May 17th, 2025]
- Communist Party of Turkey on the dissolution of the Kurdish PKK group - In Defense of Communism - May 17th, 2025 [May 17th, 2025]
- 80th anniversary of the Anti-Fascist Victory: When the Communists saved humanity from the Nazi monster - In Defense of Communism - May 11th, 2025 [May 11th, 2025]
- Communist Party of Pakistan: Down with chauvinism and war hysteria, long live proletarian internationalism - In Defense of Communism - May 11th, 2025 [May 11th, 2025]
- Shen Yun brings 'China Before Communism' to Proctors Theater for two-night performance - WRGB - April 23rd, 2025 [April 23rd, 2025]
- BBC accused of giving children 'dishonest' view of communism after failing to mention mass killings - GB News - April 23rd, 2025 [April 23rd, 2025]
- FSU Shooting Suspect Was Forced to Leave Political Club After Insisting Communism Was 'Ruining America', Student Says - Latin Times - April 23rd, 2025 [April 23rd, 2025]
- Blushing Bolsheviks! Not even fathers of Soviet communism did what Colorado may do to parents by sanctifying transgenderism - Read Lion - April 23rd, 2025 [April 23rd, 2025]
- Blushing Bolsheviks! Not even fathers of Soviet communism did what Colorado may do to parents by sanctifying transgenderism - The Heartlander - April 23rd, 2025 [April 23rd, 2025]
- Partisans for Peace: On the 80th anniversary of Italy's liberation - Against rearmament and imperialist war - In Defense of Communism - April 16th, 2025 [April 16th, 2025]
- 'Red Scare' revisits the fear of Communism that gripped post-WWII America - KNAU Arizona Public Radio - March 18th, 2025 [March 18th, 2025]
- Republican U.S. Senators Introduce Bill to Teach Students the Dangers of Communism - Sierra Sun Times - March 18th, 2025 [March 18th, 2025]
- A bill in the U.S. seeks to teach the dangers of communism in schools - CiberCuba - March 18th, 2025 [March 18th, 2025]
- Letter to the editor: What happened to being anti-Communism? - Pierce County Journal - March 18th, 2025 [March 18th, 2025]
- Beyond The Iron Curtain: How Polish Posters Subverted Hollywood Under Communism - Deadline - March 13th, 2025 [March 13th, 2025]
- Linda Rama: This is what the world can learn from the fall of communism - MSNBC - March 13th, 2025 [March 13th, 2025]
- Christian training center in northern China amid communism, Islam, and poverty - Mission Network News - February 27th, 2025 [February 27th, 2025]
- Gulys: Remembering victims of communism is both a task and a duty - Budapest Times - February 27th, 2025 [February 27th, 2025]
- Love and Torture The Stories of Russian Women Who Married Albanians During Communism - Euronews Albania - February 27th, 2025 [February 27th, 2025]
- Communist Knesset member Cassif: "They are trying to silence us, theres a fascist atmosphere in Israel" - In Defense of Communism - February 27th, 2025 [February 27th, 2025]
- It allowed us to survive, to not go mad: the CIA book smuggling operation that helped bring down communism - The Guardian - February 23rd, 2025 [February 23rd, 2025]
- Nazism, Fascism, And Communism: Warring Sons To A Common Father OpEd - Eurasia Review - February 23rd, 2025 [February 23rd, 2025]
- State Capitol news in brief: Communism lesson bill goes to Sanders | Senate to convene despite icy weather - Arkansas Online - February 23rd, 2025 [February 23rd, 2025]
- USAID was created to counter communism, but came to a nearly opposite agenda - The Times and Democrat - February 23rd, 2025 [February 23rd, 2025]
- My Dear Mother, The Last Divorce of Communism, Von Fock Tease New Chapter for Baltic TV Shows: Culturally Specific and Universally Relevant - AOL - February 23rd, 2025 [February 23rd, 2025]
- Canada: Marxist School 2025 studying the pillars of communism to prepare for turbulent times - In Defence of Marxism - February 23rd, 2025 [February 23rd, 2025]
- Cottons new book on China aims to ring the alarm bell on Taiwan and communism - coloradopolitics.com - February 23rd, 2025 [February 23rd, 2025]
- Sean McMeekin: Don't Whitewash the History of Communism - Reason - February 14th, 2025 [February 14th, 2025]
- Don't Whitewash the History of Communism - RealClearPolicy - February 14th, 2025 [February 14th, 2025]
- The Socialist State in Latvia: From the revolutionary triumph to the drama of dissolution - In Defense of Communism - February 14th, 2025 [February 14th, 2025]
- Nothing says 'communism' like this $165 poverty-chic plastic bag based on Disco Elysium, aka 'the level of greed that they talk about in the Bible' -... - February 7th, 2025 [February 7th, 2025]
- Texas Audience Delighted to See Universal Beliefs in China Before Communism Through Shen Yun - NTD - February 7th, 2025 [February 7th, 2025]
- Communist Workers Platform USA: The Class Struggle in America and the Communist Strategy - In Defense of Communism - February 7th, 2025 [February 7th, 2025]
- Communist Party of Turkey: Ahmed Al-Shara is an ISIS remnant and a war criminal - In Defense of Communism - February 7th, 2025 [February 7th, 2025]
- Vietnam's Communist Party marks 95th anniversary - In Defense of Communism - February 7th, 2025 [February 7th, 2025]
- The Beauty of China Before Communism Was Eye-Opening, Says Houston Theatergoer - NTD - February 3rd, 2025 [February 3rd, 2025]
- Pastor Delighted to See Shen Yun Express Love for Traditional Ways Before Communism - NTD - January 27th, 2025 [January 27th, 2025]
- KKE's leader Koutsoumbas on the 80th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz by the Red Army - In Defense of Communism - January 27th, 2025 [January 27th, 2025]
- Elon Musk and the Dictatorship of the Capital - In Defense of Communism - January 27th, 2025 [January 27th, 2025]
- Another shameful anticommunist resolution of the European Parliament, full of unhistorical references - In Defense of Communism - January 27th, 2025 [January 27th, 2025]
- Education panel backs expansion of tuition waivers for guardsmen, voices concern over bill to teach perils of communism - Northwest Arkansas... - January 26th, 2025 [January 26th, 2025]
- Gaza: By whatever name you call It Is Genocide! - In Defense of Communism - January 26th, 2025 [January 26th, 2025]
- Eduard Kuznetsov, Soviet dissident whose death sentence exposed the plight of Jews under communism - Yahoo! Voices - January 1st, 2025 [January 1st, 2025]
- The International Communist Movement at a critical crossroads: The necessity of revolutionary regroupment - In Defense of Communism - January 1st, 2025 [January 1st, 2025]