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Introduction

Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common chronic bladder dysfunction that is clinically characterized by frequent, urgent, and increased nocturia.1 OAB prevalence increases with age, affecting approximately 30% of people over 65 and 7%~26% of the worldwide population.2,3 The overall OAB prevalence in females is significantly higher than in males.4 Frequent and urgent urination syndrome can seriously disrupt patients daily lives and even lead to sexual dysfunction and psychological disorders due to prolonged treatment.5,6

OAB treatment includes behavioral therapy, medication, invasive techniques, and neuroelectric stimulation.7 Anticholinergic drugs are common therapeutic agents, but cognitive impairment limits their use in older patients with OAB. Side effects, such as dry mouth, severely reduce patient compliance with medication and seriously compromise their efficacy.8 Additionally, invasive treatment is often associated with urinary retention and urinary tract infections, making it difficult for patients to choose.9 Moreover, peripheral nerve stimulations long-term efficacy and safety remain to be monitored.10

Therefore, many clinicians explore alternative OAB treatment methods. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is increasingly recognized internationally. Acupuncture has broader applications in lower urinary tract symptoms.11,12 Many reviews focused more on discussing its efficacy.13,14 However, there is insufficient discussion of the acupoint location, retention time, treatment duration, depth of needling, and involved mechanisms. Hence, we differ from previous review articles by focusing more on analyzing these aspects of TCM and Western medical mechanisms and conclude a preliminary therapeutic regimen to enrich clinical applications and elucidate the features of acupuncture for OAB.

We made the strategy of PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library to search studies (up to April 2022). We also examined the trails from previous reviews to make the search more comprehensive. The language of the publications was limited to English. The following search terms were used: acupuncture, acupuncture treatment, electroacupuncture, acupuncture therapy, warm needling, laser acupuncture, overactive bladder, overactive bladder syndrome, bladder overactive, overactive detrusor, bladder instability, urinary bladder, clinical trial, trial, clinical study, controlled study, and randomized. Searching items listed below are used in Table 1.

Table 1 PubMed Search Strategy

(1) Types of studies: Clinical trials involving acupuncture for OAB were included, and the qualified papers were limited to the English language.

(2) Types of participants: Women with a diagnosis of OAB by clinical and/or instrumental methods were included, regardless of their ethnicity, country, and course.

(3) Types of interventions: Common acupuncture (including acupuncture, electroacupuncture, warm needling, laser acupuncture) alone without other pharmacotherapy, external treatments in the treatment group regardless of acupoint position, treatment frequency, and course.

(4) Types of comparisons: The control interventions may include any active treatments or sham placebo. Or there was no establishment of a control group in the trail.

(5) Types of outcomes: 3-day voiding diary or 24-hour voiding diary as the primary outcomes were recorded. The overactive bladder symptom score (OABSS), Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ-7), Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI-6), etc. were also used as secondary outcomes.

Two authors screened articles independently according to the search strategy (Table 1) and sorted out the results. Duplicate studies were eliminated. Some studies were excluded after analyzing the title and abstract. Furthermore, studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria were eliminated after analyzing the full text. The procedure is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Flow chart of the study search.

Two authors extracted the data independently. Extraction contents included the first authors name, sample treated by acupuncture, acupoints, duration, outcomes and conclusion. Extracted data was compared by two authors to be accurate and complete.

The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess the RCTs in Table 2. It includes seven domains: random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants and personnel, blinding of outcome assessment, incomplete outcome data, selective reporting and other bias. The studies were then classified into three levels of bias: low, unclear, and high, which were used to classify the RCTs. Disagreements were resolved by discussion between the authors.

Table 2 Risk of Bias for Included Randomized Controlled Trials

The International Continence Society officially defined the concept of OAB in 2002.21 Previously, the concept of OAB was not uniform, and we have combined the patients symptoms and diagnosis by reading the full text to think that these patients from one study conform to OAB characteristics.20 Finally, we included 6 clinical studies in English, with 241 females treated with acupuncture or laser acupuncture. Basic characteristics such as patient age are mentioned in Table 3.

Table 3 Summary of the Included Studies

This review revealed 6 studies that used conventional acupuncture,15,1720 1 used laser acupuncture.16 The retention time for each treatment is 20~30 min and most tend to 20 min. The session varies from 1 to 8 times, except in the trial of Chang et al.16 The vast majority of treatment sessions are over 4 weeks long. Of these, 3 studies had a 4-week treatment course.1719

Plenty of acupoint selections have been used in OAB, including 8 meridians 20 different acupoints. We used different colors in Figure 2 to represent the acupoints on different studies. In this review, the most commonly chosen meridians for OAB treatment are bladder meridian and ren meridian. The acupoint with the highest frequency is SP6 (Sanyinjiao), which occurs 6 times. Other acupoints are CV4 (Guanyuan) and KI3 (Taixi), corresponding to 5 and 4 times, respectively.

Figure 2 The location and distribution of the acupoints.

Notes: The green, black, blue, red, yellow, and gray circles represent the acupoints selected by Hargreaves et al, Chang et al (2020), Aydomu et al, Yuan et al, Emmons et al and Chang et al (1988), respectively (Created with BioRender.com.).

From these 6 studies in Table 3, the final results all indicate acupuncture in OAB is effective and safe. In Hargreaves s study,15 88.4% of women had a satisfaction with the efficacy of acupuncture. However, the authors did not mention the specifics of the efficacy of the acupuncture plus standard care group. Chang et al16 showed OABSS score decreased significantly after 3rd, 6th, and 9th sessions of acupuncture, compared with the placebo group. In acupuncture group, IIQ-7 score decreased significantly from baseline in week 3 and week 6, and UDI-6 also decreased after 6th and 9th interventions. They had significant differences compared with the placebo group. In a 4-week study,17 and acupuncture had an advantage over the placebo group in improving the womens quality of life and symptom scores. Also, women in both acupuncture and pharmacological groups of Yuan et als study had significant reduction in OAB symptoms at week 4, however they were without a significant difference between each group.18 Another 4-week study by Emmons et al19 finally recruited 38 women in acupuncture group. The results showed that acupuncture significantly relieved OAB voiding symptoms, including urinary incontinence and frequency and increased maximum urinary output and bladder capacity. Unlike other studies, Chang et al20 performed only one acupuncture treatment on 26 female patients, and their results showed acupuncture had significant improvement in maximum cystometric capacity.

All of these studies showed no serious adverse effects of acupuncture treatment. And the inevitable possibility of minor local bleeding after needle removal is understood by the patient.

OAB is not life-threatening, but its influence of the life quality plays an important role in determining patient treatments.22 The negative impact of OAB on daily activities, mental health, sexual function, and marital satisfaction has been well documented and has been highlighted in many studies.23 Women with OAB are middle-aged or older who may have frailty or other chronic illnesses.24 In terms of treatment, first-line treatment options represented by behavioral therapy have limited clinical efficacy in improving the patients symptoms.25 Oral medication or other therapies can have adverse effects that are difficult for patients to accept. As a component of TCM, many patients recognize acupuncture for treatment.15,17 A preliminary analysis of its influencing factors related to TCM was briefly analyzed based on the above clinical efficacy and advantage of acupuncture in OAB treatment.

The included acupoint retrieval modalities in this review are proximal and distal acupuncture point retrieval. Figure 2 shows that acupoints, such as BL33, BL34, CV3, and CV4, are mainly concentrated in the lumbosacral region and the small abdomen near the bladder. From a TCM perspective, a feeling of deqi after insertion into the body is experienced as soreness, numbness, swelling, or other reactions.26 The local acupoints can be promoted to effectively regulate the flow of qi at this time, thereby allowing the release of excessive local qi in the bladder.27,28 On the other hand, CV3, CV4, and CV5 are all adjacent to the bladder organ, and the nerves under them originate from the inferior ventral nerve T10 to L1, which mainly innervates the bladder and urethra.29 The CV3 is in the T12-L1 spinal cord segment, where the bladder nerves partially overlap. The parasympathetic sacral center is located in S2-S4 of the sacral medulla and has a pro-urinary function. Acupuncture at the CV4 stimulates the parasympathetic nerve and modulates the detrusor and internal urethral sphincter, thereby eliciting the urinary reflex.30 BL33 is in the sacral region, near the 3rd posterior sacral foramen, under which the gluteus maximus muscle starts and the posterior branch of the third sacral nerve pass. BL34 is near the caudal end of the sacrum, underlain by the gluteus maximus muscle, the nerve of the caudal, and the pubic region. BL34 is in the projection area of the bladder on the body surface, and its acupuncture sensation can spread to the bladder, urethra, and perineum. From the opinion of Chang et al,16 stimulation of BL33 and BL34 may be related to the theory of sacral neuromodulation.

Distal acupoint selection is to perform acupuncture at a site farther from the disease location, which is based on the meridian theory.31 Figure 2 shows the selected acupoints in the head, such as GV20 and GV29, and extremity end acupoints, such as KI15, KI13, etc., for OAB treatment. Interestingly, most of these acupoints belong to the meridians of du and kidney. Concurrently, acupoints of the meridian of du, such as GV20, GV22, and GV29, can regulate mental symptoms.32 In addition, studies have shown that the use of percutaneously inserted acupuncture needles into the SP6, connecting to an electric current and repetition with electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve, seems to prolong the bladder detrusor contraction interval.33,34 McGuire et al35 demonstrated that acupuncture stimulation at SP6 may affect the nerve impulses of the voiding center to inhibit the uninhibited detrusor muscle contraction. KI3, KI5, and KI7 are all close to the tibial nerve.

The duration of acupuncture OAB treatment is not uniform as shown in Table 3. Most duration times are 4 weeks. Acupuncturists mostly use their experience and the patients schedule to pre-determine the treatment course, with a long refractory and chronic disease duration when treating diseases, and acute conditions may need a shorter course of acupuncture.36 OAB is a chronic disease mostly suffered by middle-aged and elderly females, and a longer treatment cycle should be developed according to TCM ideas. Hargreaves et al37 considered that acupuncture for OAB was usually 1 session per week to achieve a course of 412 sessions, and acupuncture also has a continual therapeutic effect and may be more clinically relevant for long-term efficacy measurement. However, the current evidence in the literature remains inadequate concerning the specific duration of acupuncture treatment for OAB. Additionally, the included literature in this review had 13 times/week. Zhao et al38 randomly included 60 patients, divided into groups of 3 times per week and 2 times per week. They observed the effect of different treatment frequencies of electroacupuncture therapy on the effect of female stress urinary incontinence (SUI). After 12 treatments, incontinence symptoms and quality of life scores significantly improved in both groups (p < 0.01), and the overall effectiveness of the 3-times-a-week group was 90.0% (27/30), which was better than the 76.7% (23/30) of the 2-times-a-week group (p < 0.05). This suggests that lower urinary tract symptoms in women may require more frequent acupuncture treatment per week. However, due to inadequate evidence, further research is needed on acupuncture duration and frequency for OAB treatment.

The amount of effective stimulation in acupuncture treatment is an important criterion for efficacy.39 The stimulation duration positively correlated with the amount of effective stimulation within a certain range. However, prolonged duration of stimulation may lead to ineffective stimulation or adverse effects. Needle retention times may differ for different diseases, and the same disease has not yet been standardized, requiring a long process.40 Most studies favor a retention time of 20 min for acupuncture, which seems to come from the experience as it stands now, and no studies concentrated on different retention times of OAB treatment. Therefore, the search for the optimal retention time for acupuncture in OAB treatment or other diseases is significant to standardize the operation and improve treatment efficacy.

Acupuncture may reduce spontaneous contractions of the detrusor muscle by regulating ICCs. Cajal interstitial cells (ICCs) are regulators of bladder smooth muscle contractile activity, with a range of excitation-related channels on ICCs, such as Ca2+ channels, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-modulated ion (HCN) channels, and voltage-dependent K+ channels, which are closely associated with epithelial-afferent nerve, as well as nerve-smooth muscle signaling.41 ICCs initiate bladder contractile activity, act as pacemakers to generate depolarizing currents into adjacent smooth muscle, and coordinate bladder muscle contraction.42 The role of ICCs appears more prominent in pathological states than in physiological states, such as OAB.43 Several researchs showed increased numbers of ICCs in the bladder of OAB compared to normal.4446A study has investigated acupuncture on the activity of ICCs of rats with partial bladder outlet obstruction-induced OAB.47 They revealed that acupuncture inhibited bladder overactivity, downregulated HCN2 mRNA and protein expression, and reduced HCN2 channels while decreasing the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration in bladder ICCs. Lu et al48 compared EA on the bladder tissue of rats with neurogenic bladder with those acupoints of CV3 and CV4 and found that EA significantly inhibited the mRNA and protein high expression of HCN1-4 channels. Additionally, HCN channel inhibition at the BL32 was superior to that at the CV3 and CV4 in the study. HCN channels are closely related to the autoregulation and excitability of ICCs and may also increase intracellular Ca2+ concentration by activating the T-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel concentration.45 Intracellular Ca2+ is closely related to the contractile activity of the detrusor muscle. The mechanism may inhibit HCN channels, reduce the free intracellular Ca2+ concentration, decrease the excitability of ICCs, and inhibit detrusor activity.

Acupuncture may reduce OAB symptoms by modulating nerve growth factor (NGF). The levels of NGF in the urine are a potential biomarker for OAB diagnosis.49 NGF plays an important part in preventing the pathological process of secondary spinal cord injury.50 Increased NGF localized to the spinal cord injury facilitates the growth of injured axons and has important regulatory control over central and peripheral neurons. Several studies detected higher baseline NGF in OAB patients than in healthy controls in the urine. Urinary NGF levels were also higher in OAB patients with urge incontinence, which emphasized the potential value of urinary NGF in identifying OAB.5153 Aydomu et al17 revealed significantly decreased NGF levels in the acupuncture therapy. NGF/creatinine levels decreased from 1.26 to 0.6 pg/mL and from 0.99 to 0.07 pg/mL. This was also attempted by Lin et al,54 but the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit readings were too low and lacked practical significance. The amount of NGF in the urine samples was probably too small to be detected for other reasons. Therefore, continuing to enrich the evidence in this area remained necessary to confirm the role of acupuncture in NGF regulation.

Acupuncture may regulate bladder function by inhibiting C-fibers. Bladder C-fibers have an important role in OAB. The bladder afferent nerves include myelinated A-fibers and unmyelinated C-fibers.55 Among them, A-fibers excite and transmit impulses to the pontine voiding center via the midbrains spinal cord, brainstem, and periaqueductal gray matter, thereby producing urinary urge.56 Contrastingly, C-fibers have a higher mechanical threshold than A-fibers.57 The C-fiber-mediated neural pathway activates and affects the voiding process when inflammation or injurious chemical stimuli are present in the bladder. Hino et al58 demonstrated the correlation between acupuncture modulation of bladder contractile function and C-fibers and revealed that acupuncture stimulation could inhibit bladder contraction in OAB rats, significantly reducing urination intervals. However, the bladder of OAB rats was not improved by acupuncture when the bladder was perfused with capsaicin (a C-fiber-disrupting substance) in advance. Several studies revealed that increased c-fos gene expression in the sacral medullary voiding center indicates excessive afferent C-fiber activity.59,60 Yu et al61 demonstrated that acupuncture inhibited the OAB state in rats with spinal cord transection by decreasing the c-fos expression in the sacral medullary voiding center, which attenuated C-fiber activity.

This review included 6 English-language studies in strict accordance with the search strategy of our review. Our study limitations included small sample size and low quality of evidence. This review aimed to analyze the role of acupuncture in female patients with OAB from the TCM aspects and related mechanisms and initially provide a management for acupuncture for OAB. However, the arguments for the mechanisms associated with acupuncture for OAB may not be sufficient and remain to be further explored due to inadequate evidence.

This review is the first to discuss the therapeutic role of acupuncture in OAB from a relevant TCM perspective and possible mechanisms, which provide potential trends for future research and help clinicians treat OAB by acupuncture. Based on the evidence in the literature, the women troubled by OAB may benefit from the acupuncture therapy, and considering the location of acupoints, the duration of needle retention, and the duration of course are necessary in treating OAB by acupuncture. The mechanism of acupuncture on OAB may relate to neuromodulatory, such as local nerve modulation and neuronal activity regulation in the brain. Both the efficacy and mechanism still should be researched in future studies. Finally, from these present evidence, we made a preliminary therapeutic regimen:

Data supporting this article are all in this article.

Figure 2 is created with BioRender.com.

This work was financed by Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Development Fund (QN-2020-07).

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

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